Targeted Therapeutics for Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy

Abstract

Background: Deposition of wild-type or mutant transthyretin (TTR) amyloid fibrils in the myocardium causes TTR amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM). Targeted therapeutics for ATTR-CM include TTR stabilizers (tafamidis and diflunisal) and oligonucleotide drugs (revusiran, patisiran, and inotersen). TTR stabilizers prevent dissociation of transthyretin tetramers. Transthyretin monomers can misfold and form amyloid fibrils. TTR stabilizers thereby limit amyloid fibrils development and deposition. Oligonucleotide drugs inhibit hepatic synthesis of transthyretin, which decreases transthyretin protein levels and thus the amyloid fibril substrate. Areas of Uncertainty: To study the safety and efficacy of targeted therapeutics in patients with ATTR-CM, we performed a pooled analysis. A random-effects model with the Mantel–Haenszel method was used to pool the data. Data Sources: A literature search was performed using PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Embase databases using the search terms “cardiac amyloidosis” AND “tafamidis” OR “patisiran” OR “inotersen” OR “revusiran” OR “diflunisal.” Therapeutic Advances: We identified 6 studies that compared targeted therapeutics with placebo. One study was stopped prematurely because of increased mortality in the targeted therapeutics arm. Pooled analysis included 1238 patients, of which 738 patients received targeted therapeutics and 500 patients received placebo. When compared with placebo, targeted therapeutics significantly reduced all-cause mortality [OR 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.16–0.97, P = 0.04]. Only 2 studies reported the effect on cardiovascular-related hospitalizations. There was a trend toward an improvement in global longitudinal strain (mean difference −0.69, 95% CI: −1.44 to 0.05, P = 0.07). When compared with placebo, there was no increase in serious adverse events with targeted therapeutics (OR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.78–1.44, P = 0.72). Conclusion: Evidence from the pooled analysis revealed targeted therapeutics improve survival and are well-tolerated. These findings suggest a potential role for targeted therapeutics in the treatment of patients with ATTR-CM.