2020
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01625
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Targeting GM-CSF in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Rationale and Strategies

Abstract: COVID-19 is a clinical syndrome ranging from mild symptoms to severe pneumonia that often leads to respiratory failure, need for mechanical ventilation, and death. Most of the lung damage is driven by a surge in inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-6, interferon-γ, and granulocyte-monocyte stimulating factor (GM-CSF)]. Blunting this hyperinflammation with immunomodulation may lead to clinical improvement. GM-CSF is produced by many cells, including macrophages and T-cells. GM-CSF-derived signals are involved in… Show more

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Cited by 121 publications
(110 citation statements)
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“…Such sudden and unexpected increases in cases may quickly overwhelm hospitals and healthcare systems [ 14 ]. Whatever precautions are taken, spikes are bound to occur and as witnessed in the first wave in Italy and New York, surges may simply overwhelm medical systems capacities to cope [ 15 , 16 ]. and this research may help to prepare hospitals for surges in cases as positive COVID-19 swabs increase in any given locality.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Such sudden and unexpected increases in cases may quickly overwhelm hospitals and healthcare systems [ 14 ]. Whatever precautions are taken, spikes are bound to occur and as witnessed in the first wave in Italy and New York, surges may simply overwhelm medical systems capacities to cope [ 15 , 16 ]. and this research may help to prepare hospitals for surges in cases as positive COVID-19 swabs increase in any given locality.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the broader context of immunomodulatory “personalized therapy” [ [143] , [144] , [145] ] there is an ongoing intensive search within the concept of cytokine-based disease taxonomy [ 146 , 147 ] for other adequate therapeutic targets to manage CSS in patients with COVID-19. Apart from IL-6, the relevance of other proinflammatory cytokines inhibition is being extensively explored (or discussed): IL-1β [ 148 , 149 ], TNFα [ 150 ], GM-CSF [ 151 ], IL-17 [ 152 ], IL-18 [ 153 ], as well as activation of the complement system [ 154 ].…”
Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1 . Further steps include measures of priming during haematopoiesis along myeloid differentiation pathways mediated by CSF2R [12] and CSF3R, and testing their full activation potential by selected stimuli, in vitro, as surrogates of activation in tissues. Tests can also be used to evaluate macrophage contributions to efficacy of vaccines, anti-viral and anti- inflammatory agent trials, to diminish the risk of treatments and facilitate repair.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%