Targeting redox regulation and autophagy systems in cancer stem cells

The ameliorating effects of mesenchymal stem cells compared to α‐tocopherol on apoptosis and autophagy in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats: Implication of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and entero‐insular axis

“…it becomes impaired then ubiquitinated proteins and autophagosomes are accumulated and autophagy fails, and programmed cell death becomes, therefore, activated. 43,44 In view of our data, diabetic untreated rats showed increased oxidative stress and defective autophagy that are associated with increased apoptosis-related caspase 3. The cytoprotective effects of BM-MSCs and α-Toc on β cells involved reduced apoptosis that could be related to the antioxidant effect and the upregulated autophagy.…”

“…Previous data clarified that oxidative stress induces both autophagy and apoptosis simultaneously. 43 Redox balance alterations potentiated a consequence of the process including unfolded protein response which impaired autophagic protein expression; a scenario that eventually resulted in the decreased β-cell proliferation and augmented apoptosis. 7 There is a crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis, where autophagy is a dynamic process that keeps cells surviving at the basal level by degradation and recycling of impaired and unnecessary subcellular components to antagonize apoptosis.…”

“…The mechanisms of impaired autophagic activity are the net result of numerous factors corresponding to the pathophysiology of T1DM. Previous data clarified that oxidative stress induces both autophagy and apoptosis simultaneously 43 . Redox balance alterations potentiated a consequence of the process including unfolded protein response which impaired autophagic protein expression; a scenario that eventually resulted in the decreased β‐cell proliferation and augmented apoptosis 7 …”

“…Whereas secondary to any deleterious events. it becomes impaired then ubiquitinated proteins and autophagosomes are accumulated and autophagy fails, and programmed cell death becomes, therefore, activated 43,44 …”

Integrative Bioinformatics Analysis of CXCR-4 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4): Expression Pattern and Role in Breast Cancer Progression

“…Overexpressed CXCR4 in cancer cells also promotes tumor development, invasion, angiogenesis, recurrence, and resistance to treatment [13]. Moreover, studies have suggested that CXCR4, in addition to playing a signi cant role in cancer metastasis, may also be involved in regulating cancer stem cells by activating various cell survival pathways like autophagy etc [4,[14][15][16][17][18][19].…”