Targeting Riboswitches with Beta-Axial-Substituted Cobalamins

Abstract

RNA-targeting small-molecule therapeutics is an emerging field hindered by an incomplete understanding of the basic principles governing RNA–ligand interactions. One way to advance our knowledge in this area is to study model systems where these interactions are better understood, such as riboswitches. Riboswitches bind a wide array of small molecules with high affinity and selectivity, providing a wealth of information on how RNA recognizes ligands through diverse structures. The cobalamin-sensing riboswitch is a particularly useful model system, as similar sequences show highly specialized binding preferences for different biological forms of cobalamin. This riboswitch is also widely dispersed across bacteria and therefore holds strong potential as an antibiotic target. Many synthetic cobalamin forms have been developed for various purposes including therapeutics, but their interaction with cobalamin riboswitches is yet to be explored. In this study, we characterize the interactions of 11 cobalamin derivatives with three representative cobalamin riboswitches using in vitro binding experiments (both chemical footprinting and a fluorescence-based assay) and a cell-based reporter assay. The derivatives show productive interactions with two of the three riboswitches, demonstrating simultaneous plasticity and selectivity within these RNAs. The observed plasticity is partially achieved through a novel structural rearrangement within the ligand binding pocket, providing insight into how similar RNA structures can be targeted. As the derivatives also show in vivo functionality, they serve as several potential lead compounds for further drug development.

Prevalence of Cobalt in the Environment and Its Role in Biological Processes

“…Cobalt corrinoids are derivatives of vitamin B 12 [65][66][67], which often catalyze organic reactions [68] and are involved in photochemistry and photobiology reactions [69,70]. Moreover, the function of vitamin B 12 and corrinoids as riboswitches is known [71]. However, in various plant-based foods, substantial amounts of corrinoids that are inactive, such as pseudovitamin B 12 , adenyl cobamide, factor IV, pseudocobalamin, 5methoxybenzimidazolyl cobamide, 2-methylmercaptoadenyl cobamide, and cobalamin[clactone], may be found [11,72,73].…”