Targeting The BRAF-MEK-ERK Pathway In Hairy Cell Leukemia

Abstract

Background Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a peripheral B-cell neoplasm with indolent clinical course and peculiar morphology and phenotype. Recently, we identified the BRAF-V600E kinase mutation as the genetic lesion underlying HCL and distinguishing it from other leukemias and lymphomas, including HCL-mimics such as splenic marginal zone lymphoma and HCL-variant. The BRAF-V600E mutation is known to be an oncogenic driver in melanoma and other solid tumors thorough constitutive phosphorylation of the kinase MEK (the immediate downstream target of BRAF), which in turns phosphorylates the kinase ERK. Thus, the BRAF-MEK-ERK pathway appears an ideal therapeutic target in HCL to be attacked by small-molecule BRAF inhibitors (such as PLX4720, Vemurafenib and Dabrafenib) and MEK inhibitors (such as Trametinib), which have already proven effective in clinical trials of BRAF-V600E-positive melanoma patients and (for Vemurafenib) in anecdotal HCL patients. However, a thorough analysis of the effects of these drugs in primary HCL cells has not been conducted so far. Aim To study in vitro the effects of BRAF and MEK inhibitors on the specific biochemical, morphological and anti-apoptotic features of HCL, using primary leukemic cells purified from HCL patients (as we previously showed that the putative “HCL” cell lines described in the literature do not carry the BRAF-V600E mutation and are, thus, unlikely to be of true HCL origin). Methods Using CD19-MACS, we purified primary hairy cells from the peripheral blood of 20 HCL patients and 12 HCL-like patients and treated these cells in vitro with different BRAF inhibitors (Vemurafenib, PLX4720 and Dabrafenib) or the MEK inhibitor Trametinib, at various concentrations (up to 1 µM) for different time periods (30 minutes to 72 hours), and monitored the phosphorylation status of MEK and ERK by Western blotting. Primary hairy cells were also followed, up to 5 days, for: i) the potential loss of their typical hairy projections (rich in F-actin), through phalloidin staining and confocal microscopy analysis (in 6 HCL and 5 HCL-like patients); ii) the potential reduction of viability, through the MTT or WST metabolic assays (in 12 HCL and 6 HCL-like patients); and iii) the potential induction of apoptosis, through double staining with AnnexinV/Propidium-Iodide and flow cytometry analysis (in 12 HCL and 4 HCL-like patients). Results Treatment with any BRAF inhibitors resulted in consistent, rapid, sustained and dose-dependent MEK and ERK dephosphorylation at all time points in all HCL cases, as opposed to vehicle-treated HCL cells and to inhibitor-treated HCL-like cells. Trametinib also produced a strong ERK dephosphorylation in HCL cells. These early biochemical events were followed, in a time frame of 2-3 days, by a consistent and statistically significant reduction of the hairy projections in still viable leukemic cells (AnnexinV-negative). After additional 1-2 days, we observed loss of viability (20% to 60% decrease relative to the drug vehichle – p value <0.05 in all instances) and induction of apoptosis (20% to 59% relative increase – p value <0.05 in all instances) specifically in leukemic cells of the vast majority of HCL patients as opposed to none of the HCL-like patients. Conclusion These results represent a comprehensive pre-clinical evidence of the significant anti-leukemic activity obtained through inhibition of the BRAF-MEK-ERK pathway in HCL. V.P. and A.S. equally contributed to this work. E.T. and B.F. equally contributed to this work. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Sustained compensatory p38 MAPK signaling following treatment with MAPK inhibitors induces the immunosuppressive protein CD73 in cancer: combined targeting could improve outcomes

“…Collectively, this highlights the complexity of CD73 regulation during RAS-MAPK targeted treatment and the importance of investigating the changes in expression in the individual patients. Furthermore, our data illustrates that in both the cell lines and the clinical paired before/during treatment samples, the expression of cyclin D1 (a classical RAS-MAPK-regulated transcriptional target [26]) was decreased following RAS-MAPK inhibition, indicating that CD73 upregulation is compensatory in cancer cells during effective RAS-MAPK kinase pathway inhibition.…”

“…Indeed, MEKi and gefitinib treatment showed complete inactivation of ERK1/2 (Figure 1L). As an additional control for effective pathway inhibition, we analyzed the expression of cyclin D1, a transcriptional target of the RAS-MAPK pathway known to be negatively regulated by MAPKi exposure [26,27] inhibition compared to controls for PC9, 4T1, CT26, MC38, A549, and HCT116 (Figure 1M). Taken together, these data show that in the majority of cancer cell lines, up-regulated or unchanged CD73 expression occurs after effective inhibition of the MAPK-RAS pathway, while in the remaining cancer cell lines the CD73 levels decreased.…”