Targets for Crop Biotechnology in a Future High-CO<sub>2</sub> and High-O<sub>3</sub> World

Ainsworth, Elizabeth A.; Rogers, Alistair; Leakey, Andrew D. B.

doi:10.1104/pp.108.117101

Cited by 158 publications

(118 citation statements)

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“…In addition, there is emerging recognition that intervention to adapt crops by breeding or biotechnology for optimal performance in elevated [CO 2 ] is needed [111]. In response, targets for selection are beginning to be identified [1], and approaches that account for the challenges of genetic and trait-based approaches described earlier (Questions 3 and 4) have been proposed [62]. Here, we review present targets for crop improvement related to present and future [CO 2 ].…”

Section: Question 5: How Does Evolutionary History Impact and Inform mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These findings have suggested that optimizing the performance of crops under [CO 2 ] today and in the decades to come will not happen incidentally. Accordingly, high yield under the elevated [CO 2 ] predicted in the future needs to be included as a target in crop breeding and biotechnology programmes [1,62]. 2 ] will influence plant evolution.…”

Section: Question 1: Have Plants Evolved In Response To Varying [Co 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, improving plant productivity in high [CO 2 ] environments may be an open opportunity for biotechnology or breeding to improve crop performance now and in the future. This paper builds on previous reviews [1][2][3][4] Detailed evaluation of the approaches available for integrating evolutionary biology with physiology and ecology are reviewed authoritatively elsewhere [5 -7]. 2 ] is proposed to have played a key role in driving the evolution of plants since they colonized the land 400 Ma [8 -12].…”

Section: Introduction: Why Take An Evolutionary Perspective?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolutionary context for understanding and manipulating plant responses to past, present and future atmospheric [CO ₂ ]

Leakey

Lau

2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Variation in atmospheric [CO 2 ] is a prominent feature of the environmental history over which vascular plants have evolved. Periods of falling and low [CO 2 ] in the palaeo-record appear to have created selective pressure for important adaptations in modern plants. Today, rising [CO 2 ] is a key component of anthropogenic global environmental change that will impact plants and the ecosystem goods and services they deliver. Currently, there is limited evidence that natural plant populations have evolved in response to contemporary increases in [CO 2 ] in ways that increase plant productivity or fitness, and no evidence for incidental breeding of crop varieties to achieve greater yield enhancement from rising [CO 2 ]. Evolutionary responses to elevated [CO 2 ] have been studied by applying selection in controlled environments, quantitative genetics and traitbased approaches. Findings to date suggest that adaptive changes in plant traits in response to future [CO 2 ] will not be consistently observed across species or environments and will not be large in magnitude compared with physiological and ecological responses to future [CO 2 ]. This lack of evidence for strong evolutionary effects of elevated [CO 2 ] is surprising, given the large effects of elevated [CO 2 ] on plant phenotypes. New studies under more stressful, complex environmental conditions associated with climate change may revise this view. Efforts are underway to engineer plants to: (i) overcome the limitations to photosynthesis from today's [CO 2 ] and (ii) benefit maximally from future, greater [CO 2 ]. Targets range in scale from manipulating the function of a single enzyme (e.g. Rubisco) to adding metabolic pathways from bacteria as well as engineering the structural and functional components necessary for C 4 photosynthesis into C 3 leaves. Successfully improving plant performance will depend on combining the knowledge of the evolutionary context, cellular basis and physiological integration of plant responses to varying [CO 2 ].

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Section: Question 5: How Does Evolutionary History Impact and Inform mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Question 1: Have Plants Evolved In Response To Varying [Co 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction: Why Take An Evolutionary Perspective?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolutionary context for understanding and manipulating plant responses to past, present and future atmospheric [CO ₂ ]

Leakey

Lau

2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…The sugar transporter glucose 6-phosphate/phosphate translocator2 (GPT2) deserves further study because it displayed the second largest treatment response in both years (Table S2), and it was also a prominent element of transcriptional responses in Arabidopsis achieving enhanced carbon gain during acclimation to high light (28). It is important to identify regulatory elements such as those highlighted above as potential targets for biotechnological improvement of crop performance under future, elevated [CO 2 ] conditions (29).…”

Section: Of Long-term Responses When Respiration Was Measured Under Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic basis for stimulated respiration by plants growing under elevated carbon dioxide

Leakey

Gillespie

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Photosynthetic and respiratory exchanges of CO2 by plants with the atmosphere are significantly larger than anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and these fluxes will change as growing conditions are altered by climate change. Understanding feedbacks in CO2 exchange is important to predicting future atmospheric [CO2] and climate change. At the tissue and plant scale, respiration is a key determinant of growth and yield. Although the stimulation of C 3 photosynthesis by growth at elevated [CO2] can be predicted with confidence, the nature of changes in respiration is less certain. This is largely because the mechanism of the respiratory response is insufficiently understood. Molecular, biochemical and physiological changes in the carbon metabolism of soybean in a free-air CO 2 enrichment experiment were investigated over 2 growing seasons. climate change ͉ elevated CO2 ͉ free air CO2 enrichment ͉ metabolic ͉ soybean T he rate at which atmospheric CO 2 concentration ([CO 2 ]) is rising and driving climate change is the net consequence of anthropogenic carbon emissions plus ecosystem processes that release or remove carbon from the atmosphere. Carbon emission to the atmosphere from fossil fuel burning, cement production and land use change has risen to Ϸ10 PgCy Ϫ1 (1). Dark respiration from plants in terrestrial ecosystems is a much larger flux, emitting 50-60 PgCy Ϫ1 (2). The change in plant respiration that will occur by the middle to end of this century in direct response to rising [CO 2 ] has long been of interest and uncertainty (3, 4). Changes in respiration will combine with the well characterized stimulation of C 3 photosynthesis by elevated [CO 2 ] to impact the net primary productivity of ecosystems and their capacity to act as sources or sinks of carbon. Key synthesis papers have variously concluded that elevated [CO 2 ] will cause plant respiration to increase as much as 11%, decrease as much as 18%, or not change (5-8). This uncertainty corresponds to an increase or decrease in carbon release to the atmosphere similar in size to current anthropogenic carbon emissions. The primary reason for uncertainty is that the mechanisms of plant respiratory responses to elevated [CO 2 ] have not been resolved (3,(5)(6)(7)(8). This knowledge gap also restricts our understanding at the tissue and whole-plant scales of how elevated [CO 2 ] impacts growth and crop yield. Our research tested the hypothesis that plants respond to the greater carbon supply resulting from long-term growth at elevated [CO 2 ] through acclimation for increased metabolic capacity and greater respiratory flux. Results and DiscussionThe mechanisms by which field-grown plants respond to growth at elevated [CO 2 ] were investigated in this study by combining genomic analysis with biochemical and physiological phenotyping of soybean in a free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) experiment. Soybean was grown over its entire lifecycle in 4 plots at ambient [CO 2 ] (Ϸ380 mol⅐mol Ϫ1 ) and 4 plots at elevated [CO 2 ] (Ϸ550 mol⅐mol Ϫ1 ). This model system featured: (i...

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“…Examples include combinations of ozone and drought, in which the reduction in stomatal conductance due to the effect of drought stress could decrease ozone intake through stomata (Iyer et al 2013). In addition, elevated CO 2 levels have been reported to be advantageous when combined with other stresses such as ozone (Ainsworth et al 2008), salt or high light (Pérez-López et al 2013). In tomato plants, a combination of salinity and heat stress enhances the protection against the damaging effects of salinity, suggesting that the accumulation of osmoprotectants such as glycine betaine and trehalose could play an important role 9 suggesting potential targets for the improvement of crop stress tolerance (e.g., Apx1, Mbf1c, At1g26580; Priyanka et al 2010;Wang et al 2010, Kumar et al 2015Suzuki et al 2016;.…”

Section: The Importance Of Investigating Abiotic Stress Combinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant strategies to deal with a combination of drought and high temperatures

Zandalinas¹

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Targets for Crop Biotechnology in a Future High-CO₂ and High-O₃ World

Cited by 158 publications

References 76 publications

Evolutionary context for understanding and manipulating plant responses to past, present and future atmospheric [CO ₂ ]

Evolutionary context for understanding and manipulating plant responses to past, present and future atmospheric [CO ₂ ]

Genomic basis for stimulated respiration by plants growing under elevated carbon dioxide

Plant strategies to deal with a combination of drought and high temperatures

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Targets for Crop Biotechnology in a Future High-CO2 and High-O3 World

Cited by 158 publications

References 76 publications

Evolutionary context for understanding and manipulating plant responses to past, present and future atmospheric [CO 2 ]

Evolutionary context for understanding and manipulating plant responses to past, present and future atmospheric [CO 2 ]

Genomic basis for stimulated respiration by plants growing under elevated carbon dioxide

Plant strategies to deal with a combination of drought and high temperatures

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Targets for Crop Biotechnology in a Future High-CO₂ and High-O₃ World

Evolutionary context for understanding and manipulating plant responses to past, present and future atmospheric [CO ₂ ]

Evolutionary context for understanding and manipulating plant responses to past, present and future atmospheric [CO ₂ ]