TARS Series of Cacao Germplasm Selections

Goenaga, Ricardo; Irizarry, Héber; Irish, Brian M.

doi:10.21273/hortsci.44.3.826

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…However, this yield was not significantly different from the average yield of varieties 'TARS-30', 'TARS-1', 'TARS-13', 'TARS-14', and 'TARS-2', which averaged 2427.0 kg • ha -1 per year. Except for 'UF-668', the TARS varieties were released in 2009 as high-yielding selections (Goenaga et al, 2009;Irizarry and Goenaga, 2000).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among varieties propagated by SE-ORC, 'TARS-30' had the highest dry bean yield (2565.4 kg • ha -1 per year), but it was not significantly different from that of 'TARS-14', 'TARS-1', 'TARS-13', 'TARS-41', and 'TARS-2', which averaged 2374.3 kg • ha -1 per year (Table 1). Of the nine varieties released in 2009 as high-yielding (greater than 2000 kg • ha -1 per year) varieties (Goenaga et al, 2009), six ('TARS-1', 'TARS-14', 'TARS-15', 'TARS-23', 'TARS-30', 'TARS-31') were used in this study. When propagated by grafting in this study, these varieties had an average dry bean yield of 2111.1 kg • ha -1 per year, whereas when propagated by SE-ORC, these varieties had an average yield of 2066.4 kg • ha -1 per year (Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ten-month-old trees of varieties 'TARS-1', ' propagated by grafting and SE-ORC were transplanted to the field 31 July 2003 and arranged in a split plot design with five replications. Varieties 'TARS-1', '-14', '-15', '-23', '-30', and '-31' were released in 2009 as high-yielding selections (Goenaga et al, 2009;Irizarry and Goenaga, 2000). Varieties 'TARS-2', 'TARS-13', and 'TARS-21' were among 40 selections evaluated during 1994-97 for high yield and adaptation to a typical tropical Ultisol soil (Irizarry and Goenaga, 2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Yield Performance and Bean Quality Traits of Cacao Propagated by Grafting and Somatic Embryo-derived Cuttings

Goenaga¹,

Guiltinan²,

Maximova³

et al. 2015

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Twelve cacao (Theobroma cacao) clones propagated by grafting and orthotropic rooted cuttings of somatic embryo-derived plants were grown on an Ultisol soil at Corozal, Puerto Rico, and evaluated for 6 years of production under intensive management. Year, variety, year × variety, and propagation treatment × variety interactions indicated significant effects for dry bean yield, number of pods produced, pod index, plant height, and stem diameter. Propagation treatments had a significant effect on dry bean yield and pod index but not on number of pods produced. Average yield across varieties for both propagation treatments was 2087.9 kg·ha−1 per year of dry beans. There was a highly significant variety effect. ‘UF-668’ was the top yielder averaging 2536.7 kg·ha−1 per year of dry beans; however, this yield was not significantly different from the average yield of varieties ‘TARS-30’, ‘TARS-1’, ‘TARS-13’, ‘TARS-14’, and ‘TARS-2’, which averaged 2427.0 kg·ha−1 per year. Except for ‘UF-668’, the TARS varieties were released in 2009 as high-yielding selections. Propagation treatments had a significant effect on dry bean yield. Dry bean yield of varieties propagated by grafting was 7% higher (2166.7 kg·ha−1 per year) than those propagated by orthotropic rooted cuttings of somatic embryo-derived plants (2009.2 kg·ha−1 per year). This yield difference could not be attributed to grafted plants being more vigorous nor by differences in root architecture. The lowest pod index value in both propagation treatments was obtained by ‘UF-668’; however, pod index for this variety did not differ significantly from values for ‘TARS-2’ and ‘TARS-23’ in grafted plants and from ‘TARS-2’, ‘TARS-23’, and ‘TARS-1’ in plants propagated by orthotropic rooted cuttings of somatic embryo-derived plants. With few exceptions, flavor characteristics were not significantly affected by propagation treatments. Although there were significant differences between plant propagation treatments for some of the variables measured in this study, these were not of a magnitude that would preclude the use of somatic embryogenesis as a viable propagation system for cacao.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Yield Performance and Bean Quality Traits of Cacao Propagated by Grafting and Somatic Embryo-derived Cuttings

Goenaga¹,

Guiltinan²,

Maximova³

et al. 2015

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“…Field-based research on increasing cacao yields in intensified cultivation systems is rare (but see Bos et al, 2007;Carr and Lockwood, 2011;De Almeida and Valle, 2007;Goenaga et al, 2009Goenaga et al, , 2015Johns, 1999;Zuidema et al, 2005). Furthermore, field trials evaluating the yield of advanced cacao clones under optimal management practices (e.g., fertigation) across multiple locations are not uniformly established.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, field trials evaluating the yield of advanced cacao clones under optimal management practices (e.g., fertigation) across multiple locations are not uniformly established. As a result, current yield potential estimations of advanced cacao clones (e.g., Aneani and Ofori-Frimpong, 2013;Bos et al, 2007;Falque et al, 1995Falque et al, , 1996Goenaga et al, 2009Goenaga et al, , 2015Groeneveld et al, 2010) are highly variable and there is a pressing need to evaluate further the yield-limiting factors for numerous clones under intensified management conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Supplemental and Synchronized Pollination May Increase Yield in Cacao

Forbes¹,

Mustiga²,

Romero³

et al. 2019

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Artificial pollination management strategies are a potential solution to improving the livelihoods of smallholder cacao farmers by increasing crop productivity in situations when pollination services are limiting. However, field-based research trials evaluating the yield benefits of artificial pollination management strategies within intensified cacao systems are lacking. Thus, in an intensively managed cacao system, we evaluated the effects of artificial pollination condition (i.e., pollen genotype, pollination intensity, and pollination synchrony) on fruit development and yield in three high-yielding cacao clones. Artificial pollination, regardless of intensity, significantly increased fruit set and yield. Pollination synchrony had a significant effect on cherelle survivorship; older cherelles had greater survival rates across all developmental stages than younger cherelles. Yield differed between genotype crosses and varied according to the pollen donor used, highlighting the importance of understanding self- and cross-compatibility when selecting clones for cultivation. Pollination intensity had no significant effect on harvested yield, indicating that more rigorous research is needed to identify the pollination intensity required for optimized yield under artificial pollination conditions. We conclude that strategies to enhance flowering, pollination rates, and pollination synchrony while ensuring adequate tree nutrition may increase productivity in cacao. Future research evaluating numerous cacao clones across multiple years and locations may help us to understand the region-specific effects of intensive management strategies on the long-term sustainability of enhancing cacao tree productivity.

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Geographic distribution, conservation, and genomic resources of cacao Theobroma cacao L

2023

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The cacao tree, Theobroma cacao L., is cultivated in the tropics, mainly in agroforestry systems, to produce seeds, the valuable raw material for the chocolate industry. Thus, the conservation and use of cacao genetic resources in breeding programs to increase yield and improve quality and disease resistance are vital for the global cacao economy. We review three important topics of cacao genetics essential for sustainable production and crop improvement: (1) geographic distribution of wild cacao populations and geographic patterns of their genetic variation in Amazonia; (2) conservation, availability, and use of cacao genetic resources in cultivar development; (3) genetic basis of agronomic traits, available molecular genetic markers, and genomic resources and their application for cacao improvement. We also highlight critical research areas needed to achieve sustainable cacao cultivation.

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TARS Series of Cacao Germplasm Selections

Cited by 9 publications

References 6 publications

Yield Performance and Bean Quality Traits of Cacao Propagated by Grafting and Somatic Embryo-derived Cuttings

Yield Performance and Bean Quality Traits of Cacao Propagated by Grafting and Somatic Embryo-derived Cuttings

Supplemental and Synchronized Pollination May Increase Yield in Cacao

Geographic distribution, conservation, and genomic resources of cacao Theobroma cacao L

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