Taste reactivity responses elicited by cocaine-, phencyclidine-, and methamphetamine-paired sucrose solutions.

Abstract

The nature of flavor-drug associations produced by a range of doses of the reinforcing agents cocaine (5, 10, 15, 20, or 40 mg/kg sc), phencyclidine (0.5, 2, 10, or 20 mg/kg sc), and methamphetamine (2, 5, or 10 mg/kg ip) were assessed by the taste reactivity (TR) test and the conditioned taste avoidance (CTA) test. Even at the highest doses tested, none of the agents produced aversive TR responding. At doses that produced equivalent-strength CTA, lithium did establish aversive TR responding. These results provide evidence that drugs that serve as reinforcers in other paradigms produce conditioned flavor avoidance that is not motivated by a conditioned dislike for the flavor.

Taste avoidance and taste aversion: Evidence for two different processes

“…According to Garcia et al's (1974;refined in Garcia, 1989) model, feedback from nausea produces conditioned disgust; therefore, a manipulation that produces nausea should establish conditioneddisgust reactions. However, taste avoidance produced by rewarding drugs is not accompanied by conditioned disgust (Parker, 1982(Parker, , 1988(Parker, , 1991(Parker, , 1993(Parker, , 1995, indicating that avoidance produced by rewarding drugs is not motivated by conditioned nausea.…”

“…† Conflicting reports. 1993), LSD (Parker, 1996), methamphetamine (Cunningham & Noble, 1992;Parker, 1993), methylphenidate (Martin-Iverson, Ortmann, & Fibiger, 1985;Parker, 1991), morphine (Beach, 1957;Mucha et al, 1982;Parker, 1991), and alcohol to which the rats had been familiarized (Davies & Parker, 1990;Reid, Hunter, Beaman, & Hubbel, 1985). With each of these drugs, at doses that produce taste avoidance equivalent to that produced by lithium, none has been shown to produce rejection reactions in the TR test.…”

“…The taste reactivity (TR) test has revealed that rats display conditioned disgust (rejection) reactions to flavored solutions that have been paired with low to high doses of lithium chloride (Berridge, Grill, & Norgren, 1981;Grill & Norgren, 1978;Parker, 1982), with cyclophosphamide (Limebeer & Parker, 1999;Parker, 1998), with high doses of nicotine (Parker, 1993) and apomorphine (Parker & Brosseau, 1990), with naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal (McDonald, Parker, & Siegel, 1997), and with full-body rotation (Cordick, Parker, & Ossenkopp, 1999;Ossenkopp et al, 2003). Each of these agents produces vomiting in species that are capable of vomiting.…”

Once is too much: Conditioned aversion develops immediately and predicts future cocaine self-administration behavior in rats.

“…Cues coincidentally paired with drugs of abuse elicit approach behaviors and they support a conditioned increase in levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (Weiss et al, 2001; Wheeler et al, 2011). Finally, the intraoral delivery of a taste cue paired closely in time with experimenter administered cocaine, phencyclidine, or methamphetamine elicits little to no aversive TR (Parker, 1993). In an effort to square this circle, we look to the literature and, in particular, to one recent report.…”

Conditioning tastant and the acquisition of conditioned taste avoidance to drugs of abuse in DBA/2J mice

“…chin rubbing, gaping, paw treading, Parker 1995). However, drugs that can exert rewarding effects do not produce prominent aversive taste reactions compared to lithium leading to the suggestion that conditioned reductions in flavor intakes produced by these drugs represent avoidance instead of aversion (Parker 1993(Parker , 1995.…”