Tattoos and Tattooing

Sperry, Kris

doi:10.1097/00000433-199203000-00003

Cited by 94 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Last result suggests that the azo bond on PT is the most reactive zone of the molecule. Note that the azo bond is the most labile portion of an azo colourant according to available experimental reports which are coincident with the results obtained in the present work [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58].…”

Section: Local Reactivity Descriptorssupporting

confidence: 92%

A Theoretical Study of Chemical Reactivity of Tartrazine Through DFT Reactivity Descriptors

Mendoza-Huízar

2017

J. Mex. Chem. Soc.

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<p>In this work we have calculated global and local DFT reactivity descriptors for tartrazine at B3LYP/6-311++G (2d,2p) level. Global reactivity descriptors such as ionization energy, molecular hardness, electrophilicity, and total energies were calculated to evaluate the tartrazine reactivity in aqueous and gas conditions. Local reactivity was evaluated through the Fukui function. The influence of the solvent was taken into account with the PCM model. The results indicate that the solvation process modifies the reactivity descriptors values. From our results, it was found that an electrophilic attack allows a direct cleavage of the N=N bond. If a nucleophilic attack is considered as initial attack, it is necessary a second attack by free radicals or electrophiles to cleave the N=N bond. In the case of an initial attack by free radicals, tartrazine requires a subsequent nucleophilic attack to cleave the N=N bond.</p>

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Section: Local Reactivity Descriptorssupporting

confidence: 92%

A Theoretical Study of Chemical Reactivity of Tartrazine Through DFT Reactivity Descriptors

Mendoza-Huízar

2017

J. Mex. Chem. Soc.

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“…The subsequent inflammatory responses occur mainly in the skin, and subcutaneous tissue will be affected only in cases of severe inflammatory response. 8 Body tattooing has many side effects including allergic reactions to tattooing dyes, inflammatory and sarcoid-like reactions, the transmission of viral, bacteria, and other pathogens and even in rare cases, cutaneous malignancies may develop at the tattooing site. 1,3 These allergic and inflammatory reactions may increase the thickness of soft tissue in the skin and underneath following tattooing procedures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After a while, they can be detected between the collagen bundles as well as in macrophages and fibroblasts around the vessels. The subsequent inflammatory responses occur mainly in the skin, and subcutaneous tissue will be affected only in cases of severe inflammatory response 8 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histological and ultrasonographic alterations in skin and soft tissue in upper eyelid excised blepharoplasty due to ipsilateral eyebrow tattooing: (preliminary findings)

Tehrani

Mirghorbani

Najafi

et al. 2021

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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Background: Eyebrow tattooing (ET) is a relatively common cosmetic procedure for middle-aged women which can hide age-related ptosis. Aims:We aimed to evaluate the periocular soft tissue changes following ET and its effects on upper eyelid blepharoplasty (UEBL).Patients/Methods: In this non-randomized prospective case-controlled study, 28 subjects recruited, 14 with ET for at least 5 years and 14 without ET. Eyebrows ultrasonography was performed to measure the periocular soft tissue thickness including skin and subcutaneous tissue on the medial and lateral side of the eyebrow. Then, UEBL was performed with extended eyelid skin incisions. So, the excised tissues being evaluated histopathologically. Results:The mean age of patients was 50.6 ± 0.6 and 51.2 ± 5.59 years in non-eyebrow tattooing (NET) and ET groups, respectively (P = .78). In the ET group, soft tissue thickness was, respectively, equal to 5.90 ± 1.10 and 6.3 ± 0.95 mm on the lateral and medial side of the eyebrow, which were significantly thicker compared to the NET group (4.68 ± 0.69 and 4.78 ± 0.56 mm, respectively)(P = .001). Histopathological findings were ranging from edema-congestion to chronic inflammation and dermal fibrosis which were more frequently seen in ET group. However, this difference was statistically significant only for dermal fibrosis (P = .02). Surgical wound complications were observed in 3 patients who were in the ET group (P = .22). Conclusion:Subjects with eyebrow tattooing, as compared to a control group, showed a thicker eyebrow skin on ultrasonography and higher upper eyelid dermal fibrosis on histopathological examination.

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“…Therefore, permanent eyeliner tattooing should be considered a risk factor for ocular surface diseases. It has been suggested that a delayed hypersensitivity reaction may occur secondary to localized immune sensitization to a particular pigment (6). The association of DLK with permanent eyeliner tattoo treatment is an unusual occurrence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral diffuse lamellar keratitis triggered by permanent eyeliner tattoo treatment: A case report

Liu

Zhou

et al. 2017

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) is a sterile inflammation of the cornea, which may occur after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery. Little is known about the association of DLK with permanent eyeliner tattoo. The present case report describes the case of a 37-year-old Chinese woman who developed severe foreign body sensation in both eyes 1 week after receiving bilateral permanent eyeliner tattoo treatment. The patient had received bilateral LASIK surgery 10 years previously. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed diffused granular infiltrates precipitated around the edge of the corneal flaps in both eyes. After topical treatment, DLK persisted. Therefore, the patient underwent surgery to remove the corneal epithelium around the DLK lesion. There was no recurrence of the disease during the 3-month observation period. To our knowledge, this is the first case report describing a case of late-onset of DLK that was triggered by permanent eyeliner tattoo. Doctors should be aware of the diagnosis and treatment of this complication associated with the application of permanent eyeliner tattoo as the popularity of this cosmetic procedure increases.

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Tattoos and Tattooing

Cited by 94 publications

References 0 publications

A Theoretical Study of Chemical Reactivity of Tartrazine Through DFT Reactivity Descriptors

A Theoretical Study of Chemical Reactivity of Tartrazine Through DFT Reactivity Descriptors

Histological and ultrasonographic alterations in skin and soft tissue in upper eyelid excised blepharoplasty due to ipsilateral eyebrow tattooing: (preliminary findings)

Bilateral diffuse lamellar keratitis triggered by permanent eyeliner tattoo treatment: A case report

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