Taurine and oxidative stress in retinal health and disease

Castelli, Vanessa; Paladini, Antonella; Allegretti, Marcello; Mantelli, Flavio; Brandolini, Laura; Cocchiaro, Pasquale; Cimini, Annamaria; Varrassi, Giustino

doi:10.1111/cns.13610

Cited by 54 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…OS is a pathophysiological mechanism involved in the onset of different retinal diseases. Indeed, high ROS levels and decreased antioxidant activity make retinal tissue incline to develop inflammation, neurodegeneration, and consequent structural and functional deficits [3,7,45]. To counteract OS, different therapies have been tested, among which the use of antioxidant natural compounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Nature-Inspired Nrf2 Activator Protects Retinal Explants from Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration

et al. 2021

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Oxidative stress (OS) plays a key role in retinal dysfunctions and acts as a major trigger of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in several retinal diseases. To prevent OS-induced retinal damage, approaches based on the use of natural compounds are actively investigated. Recently, structural features from curcumin and diallyl sulfide have been combined in a nature-inspired hybrid (NIH1), which has been described to activate transcription nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), the master regulator of the antioxidant response, in different cell lines. We tested the antioxidant properties of NIH1 in mouse retinal explants. NIH1 increased Nrf2 nuclear translocation, Nrf2 expression, and both antioxidant enzyme expression and protein levels after 24 h or six days of incubation. Possible toxic effects of NIH1 were excluded since it did not alter the expression of apoptotic or gliotic markers. In OS-treated retinal explants, NIH1 strengthened the antioxidant response inducing a massive and persistent expression of antioxidant enzymes up to six days of incubation. These effects resulted in prevention of the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, of apoptotic cell death, and of gliotic reactivity. Together, these data indicate that a strategy based on NIH1 to counteract OS could be effective for the treatment of retinal diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Nature-Inspired Nrf2 Activator Protects Retinal Explants from Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration

et al. 2021

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“…Taurine has several functions, such as conjugation with bile acids, antioxidants, osmolytes, membrane stabilizers, and as a modulator of calcium signaling [ 36 – 38 ]. It protects the cardiovascular system [ 39 ], skeletal muscle [ 40 , 41 ], retina [ 42 ], and central nervous system [ 43 ] against pathology and disease [ 44 ]. Taurine depletion shortens the lifespan of mice [ 45 , 46 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomic profiling of plasma from middle-aged and advanced-age male mice reveals the metabolic abnormalities of carnitine biosynthesis in metallothionein gene knockout mice

Kadota

Yano

Kawakami

et al. 2021

Aging

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Metallothionein (MT) is a family of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich proteins that regulate zinc homeostasis and have potential protective effects against oxidative stress and toxic metals. MT1 and MT2 gene knockout (MTKO) mice show shorter lifespans than wild-type (WT) mice. In this study, we aimed to investigate how MT gene deficiency accelerates aging. We performed comparative metabolomic analyses of plasma between MTKO and WT male mice at middle age (50-week-old) and advanced age (100-week-old) using liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). The concentration of N 6, N 6, N 6-trimethyl-L-lysine (TML), which is a metabolic intermediate in carnitine biosynthesis, was consistently higher in the plasma of MTKO mice compared to that of WT mice at middle and advanced age. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis revealed remarkably lower mRNA levels of Tmlhe , which encodes TML dioxygenase, in the liver and kidney of male MTKO mice compared to that of WT mice. L-carnitine is essential for β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids in mitochondria, the activity of which is closely related to aging. Our results suggest that reduced carnitine biosynthesis capacity in MTKO mice compared to WT mice led to metabolic disorders of fatty acids in mitochondria in MTKO mice, which may have caused shortened lifespans.

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“…The antioxidant activities of Tau are of great interest in medical sciences [ 108 ]. However, Tau’s reactivity with superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals was shown to be quite poor [ 109 , 110 ].…”

Section: Antioxidant Properties Of Taumentioning

confidence: 99%

Taurine as a Natural Antioxidant: From Direct Antioxidant Effects to Protective Action in Various Toxicological Models

2021

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Natural antioxidants have received tremendous attention over the last 3 decades. At the same time, the attitude to free radicals is slowly changing, and their signalling role in adaptation to stress has recently received a lot of attention. Among many different antioxidants in the body, taurine (Tau), a sulphur-containing non-proteinogenic β-amino acid, is shown to have a special place as an important natural modulator of the antioxidant defence networks. Indeed, Tau is synthesised in most mammals and birds, and the Tau requirement is met by both synthesis and food/feed supply. From the analysis of recent data, it could be concluded that the direct antioxidant effect of Tau due to scavenging free radicals is limited and could be expected only in a few mammalian/avian tissues (e.g., heart and eye) with comparatively high (>15–20 mM) Tau concentrations. The stabilising effects of Tau on mitochondria, a prime site of free radical formation, are characterised and deserve more attention. Tau deficiency has been shown to compromise the electron transport chain in mitochondria and significantly increase free radical production. It seems likely that by maintaining the optimal Tau status of mitochondria, it is possible to control free radical production. Tau’s antioxidant protective action is of great importance in various stress conditions in human life, and is related to commercial animal and poultry production. In various in vitro and in vivo toxicological models, Tau showed AO protective effects. The membrane-stabilizing effects, inhibiting effects on ROS-producing enzymes, as well as the indirect AO effects of Tau via redox balance maintenance associated with the modulation of various transcription factors (e.g., Nrf2 and NF-κB) and vitagenes could also contribute to its protective action in stress conditions, and thus deserve more attention.

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Taurine and oxidative stress in retinal health and disease

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 54 publications

References 113 publications

A Nature-Inspired Nrf2 Activator Protects Retinal Explants from Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration

A Nature-Inspired Nrf2 Activator Protects Retinal Explants from Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration

Metabolomic profiling of plasma from middle-aged and advanced-age male mice reveals the metabolic abnormalities of carnitine biosynthesis in metallothionein gene knockout mice

Taurine as a Natural Antioxidant: From Direct Antioxidant Effects to Protective Action in Various Toxicological Models

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