Taurochenodeoxycholic acid inhibits intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and induces apoptosis independent of the farnesoid X receptor

Abstract

Bile acids, such as taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) are considered as functional small molecules involved in nutrition regulation or acting with adjuvant therapeutic effects against metabolic or immune diseases.The homeostasis of...

Chlorogenic Acid/Linoleic Acid-Fortified Wheat-Resistant Starch Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Gut Barrier Damage by Modulating Gut Metabolism

“…In addition, binding to cellular receptors like FXR and TGR5, secondary BAs act as signaling molecules that impede bacterial growth and invasion while simultaneously preserving intestinal homeostasis . Our results were consistent with current publications that taurochenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid antagonized the TGR5 and FXR in the gut. , Accumulating evidence proved that FXR null mice were unable to lower intestinal inflammation, and that FXR activation reversed inflammatory pathways on multiple levels, including the improvement of the function of the gut barrier and the inhibition of immunological responses mediated by NF-κB. , TGR5 was also essential for maintaining gut barrier function, as evidenced by the effects of TGR5 activation on enteroendocrine cells, which included immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties . Indeed, WS-CA/LA complex intervention also effectively activated FXR and TGR5 signaling pathways in the colon tissue of HFD-induced mice, which was related to the improvement of secondary BA metabolism.…”

“…Before release, these BAs conjugate with taurine or glycine to form taurine or glycine-conjugated BAs such as taurochenodeoxycholic acid. 44 Secondary BAs such as deoxycholic acid are generated from primary BAs through gut microbial 7dehydroxylation and 7α/β-epimerization. 45 These biotransformation processes of BAs are inseparable from the action of bile salt hydrolases which are produced by several Gram-positive gut bacteria including Enterococcus, Bif idobacterium, and Lactobacillus and one Gram-negative bacteria, Bacteroides.…”

“…49 Our results were consistent with current publications that taurochenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid antagonized the TGR5 and FXR in the gut. 44,50 Accumulating evidence proved that FXR null mice were unable to lower intestinal inflammation, and that FXR activation reversed inflammatory pathways on multiple levels, including the improvement of the function of the gut barrier and the inhibition of immunological responses mediated by NF-κB. 28,51 TGR5 was also essential for maintaining gut barrier function, as evidenced by the effects of TGR5 activation on enteroendocrine cells, which included immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties.…”

“…Bile ducts convey primary BAs such as cholic acid out of the liver and into the intestine. Before release, these BAs conjugate with taurine or glycine to form taurine or glycine-conjugated BAs such as taurochenodeoxycholic acid . Secondary BAs such as deoxycholic acid are generated from primary BAs through gut microbial 7-dehydroxylation and 7α/β-epimerization .…”

Oleanolic acid alleviate intestinal inflammation by inhibiting Takeda G-coupled protein receptor (TGR) 5 mediated cell apoptosis

“…The high-glucose DMEM medium was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin, procured from Thermo Fisher Technology (Waltham, MA, United States). 28 Additionally, FBS was sourced from ExCell Bio (Taicang, Jiangsu, China). Therapeutic interventions were initiated 24 hours post-seeding.…”