“…Incoterm can increase competitive advantage and financial gain (Gardner, 2012), logistics performance (Hien et al, 2014), and improve alliance performance (Sugiono et al, 2022). There have been many other kinds of literature that discuss Incoterms 2020 (Bergami and Tichá, 2022;Davis and Vogt, 2022;del Rosal, 2013;Edet et al, 2021;Fruscione, 2022;Jeon, 2021;Kim et al, 2022;Kim, 2022;Kohlhase and Wielhouwer, 2022;Stojanović et al, 2021;Wagner, 2022;Yang, 2021) However, the existing literature only discusses from the perspective of exporters and importers. A few kinds of literature are addressed from the perspective of Freight Forwarders whose activities are highly dependent on the selection of incoterms (McKinnon, 2014;Sugiono et al, 2022).…”