“…In Figure 6, the diamond and the circle will overlap when no preferential tax treatment is granted to R&D investments. This is the case for countries offering no expenditure-based R&D tax incentives, i.e., Argentina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Luxembourg and Switzerland 49 ; or when existing R&D tax incentive provisions do not apply to current R&D expenditure, as is the case for Israel.…”