Taxes, prices and illicit trade: the need for sound evidence

Chaloupka, Frank J.

doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051739

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…One of the most important measures to curb tobacco use which was found to be effective in developed and low income countries was to increase the tax on tobacco products. This could promote tobacco cessation or reduce the quantity of consumption among current users and dissuade youngsters from picking the habit [28, 29]. The Government of Kerala had increased the value added tax (VAT) of cigarettes in the years 2012-2013, 2013-2014, and 2014-2015 to 15%, 20%, and 22%, respectively [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco and Alcohol Use and the Impact of School Based Antitobacco Education for Knowledge Enhancement among Adolescent Students of Rural Kerala, India

Jayakrishnan

Geetha²,

Nair

et al. 2016

Journal of Addiction

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Objectives. Limited information is available on adolescent tobacco and alcohol use in rural Kerala, the southernmost state in India. The study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use among adolescent school students and further to understand the extent of knowledge pertaining to tobacco before and after conducting awareness programmes in schools. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 government schools of rural Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state based on a multistaged sampling design. Using a pretested semistructured questionnaire, prevalence and patterns of tobacco use by students and their households, as well as students' knowledge on tobacco hazards before and after delivering antitobacco messages, were collected. Results. The overall prevalence of self-reported ever users of tobacco in the current academic year was 7.4% (95% CI 5.86–8.94), while that of ever alcohol users was 5.6% (95% CI 4.25–6.95). Knowledge assessment scores revealed a significant increase in the mean knowledge scores after posttraining evaluation (mean score = 10.34) when compared to pretraining evaluation (mean score = 9.26) (p < 0.0001). Conclusion. Apart from antitobacco awareness programmes, strict monitoring of trade of tobacco and alcohol products near educational institutions has to be conducted consistently to curb the problem.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco and Alcohol Use and the Impact of School Based Antitobacco Education for Knowledge Enhancement among Adolescent Students of Rural Kerala, India

Jayakrishnan

Geetha²,

Nair

et al. 2016

Journal of Addiction

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“…Finally, although we assumed that the price elasticity of tobacco is the same throughout all three countries, there is evidence to suggest that it may be higher in areas between countries with a large price differential, possibly reflecting increased large-scale illicit trade and cross-border purchasing 26 . However, the true extent of the effect of these factors on overall smoking prevalence continues to be debated 27,28 . We also assumed that individuals of the same age group would be similarly affected by a percentage price increase in all countries despite differences in earnings across countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health impact assessment to predict the impact of tobacco price increases on COPD burden in Italy, England and Sweden

Fuertes

Marcon

Potts

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Raising tobacco prices effectively reduces smoking, the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Using the Health Impact Assessment tool “DYNAMO-HIA”, this study quantified the reduction in COPD burden that would occur in Italy, England and Sweden over 40 years if tobacco prices were increased by 5%, 10% and 20% over current local prices, with larger increases considered in secondary analyses. A dynamic Markov-based multi-state simulation modelling approach estimated the effect of changes in smoking prevalence states and probabilities of transitioning between smoking states on future smoking prevalence, COPD burden and life expectancy in each country. Data inputs included demographics, smoking prevalences and behaviour and COPD burden from national data resources, large observational cohorts and datasets within DYNAMO-HIA. In the 20% price increase scenario, the cumulative number of COPD incident cases saved over 40 years was 479,059 and 479,302 in Italy and England (populous countries with higher smoking prevalences) and 83,694 in Sweden (smaller country with lower smoking prevalence). Gains in overall life expectancy ranged from 0.25 to 0.45 years for a 20 year-old. Increasing tobacco prices would reduce COPD burden and increase life expectancy through smoking behavior changes, with modest but important public health benefits observed in all three countries.

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“…There is a long and well-described tradition of the TI to use the threat of the illicit trade to compromise such evidence-based policies as tobacco tax and price regulations [ 5 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ], plain packaging [ 32 , 53 ], pictorial warnings [ 49 ], point-of-sale display bans [ 49 ], marketing regulations [ 54 ], flavour bans [ 49 , 55 ], pack size restrictions [ 56 ]. TI in particular often claims that taxes on tobacco products drive the illicit trade [ 5 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ], although there is a vast amount of evidence showing a limited relationship between higher tobacco prices and size of the illicit market [ 14 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Illicit Tobacco in Lithuania: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Liutkutė-Gumarov

Galkus

Petkevičienė

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Taxation policies are the most cost-effective measure to reduce overall tobacco consumption. However, cigarettes in Lithuania are among the cheapest in the European Union. The threat of the illicit trade is often used to compromise evidence-based policies, pricing policies particularly. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of illicit cigarette consumption in Lithuania and identify the main characteristics of illicit cigarette smokers. The national cross-sectional survey with direct observation of the latest purchased pack of cigarettes was conducted between August and September 2019. In total, 1050 smokers aged ≥18 were interviewed face-to-face. The illicit share of the total consumption of cigarettes per year was 10.7% with 9.7% of smokers showing or describing illicit cigarette packs compared to 17% reported by industry-funded studies. Older smokers, smokers with lower education and heavy smokers were more likely to regularly purchase illicit cigarettes. The average price of an illicit pack was almost two times lower than licit. Although the illicit trade of tobacco products is a serious policy challenge, the threat of an increase in illicit trade should not delay tobacco taxation improvements.

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Taxes, prices and illicit trade: the need for sound evidence

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

Tobacco and Alcohol Use and the Impact of School Based Antitobacco Education for Knowledge Enhancement among Adolescent Students of Rural Kerala, India

Tobacco and Alcohol Use and the Impact of School Based Antitobacco Education for Knowledge Enhancement among Adolescent Students of Rural Kerala, India

Health impact assessment to predict the impact of tobacco price increases on COPD burden in Italy, England and Sweden

Illicit Tobacco in Lithuania: A Cross-Sectional Survey

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