Taxonomic hierarchy of the phylum Firmicutes and novel Firmicutes species originated from various environments in Korea

Abstract

This study assessed the taxonomic hierarchy of the phylum Firmicutes as well as elucidated the isolation and classification states of novel Firmicutes species isolated from Korean territory. The hierarchical classification system of the phylum Firmicutes has been developed since 1872 when the genus Bacillus was first reported and has been generally adopted since 2001. However, this taxonomic hierarchy is still being modified. Until Feb. 2017, the phylum Firmicutes consisted of seven classes (Bacilli, Clostridia, Erysipelotrichia, Limnochordia, Negativicutes, Thermolithobacteria, and Tissierellia), 13 orders, 45 families, and 421 genera. Firmicutes species isolated from various environments in Korea have been reported from 2000, and 187 species have been approved as of Feb. 2017. All Firmicutes species were affiliated with three classes (Bacilli, Clostridia, and Erysipelotrichia), four orders (Bacillales, Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, and Erysipelotrichales), 17 families, and 54 genera. A total of 173 species belong to the class Bacilli, of which 151 species were affiliated with the order Bacillales and the remaining 22 species with the order Lactobacillales. Twelve species belonging to the class Clostridia were affiliated within only one order, Clostridiales. The most abundant family was Bacillaceae (67 species), followed by the family Paenibacillaceae (56 species). Thirteen novel genera were created using isolates from the Korean environment. A number of Firmicutes species were isolated from natural environments in Korean territory. In addition, a considerable number of species were isolated from artificial resources such as fermented foods. Most Firmicutes species, belonging to the families Bacillaceae, Planococcaceae, and Staphylococcaceae, isolated from Korean fermented foods and solar salterns were halophilic or halotolerant. Firmicutes species were isolated from the whole territory of Korea, especially large numbers from Provinces Gyeonggi, Chungnam, and Daejeon.

Influence of Sampling Site and other Environmental Factors on the Bacterial Community Composition of Domestic Washing Machines

“…However, we additionally examined the sump and fibres collected from the washing solution, which extends knowledge of the core microbiome in washing machines. Firmicutes were relatively most abundant on textile fibres from the washing solution, which seems likely as Firmicutes are typical representatives of the human skin microbiota, such as staphylococci [41,42]. Diversity and species richness of sump and fibres were between the values determined for detergent drawer and door seal.…”

The Response of Soil Nutrients and Microbial Community Structures in Long-Term Tea Plantations and Diverse Agroforestry Intercropping Systems

“…The class Bacteroidia, which was found to be significantly enriched in soil of the tea-tree system, can metabolize complex SOM [62]. Similarly, Clostridia and Erysipelotrichia are involved in the decomposition of SOM [63]. Moreover, Clostridia play an important role in the decomposition of plant residues, which help to regulate the C cycle [64].…”

Regulated Iron Siderophore Production of the Halophilic Archaeon Haloferax volcanii

“…Therefore, it seems very likely that haloarchaea obtained the gene cluster via lateral transfer from a species of this phylogenetic group. Notably, Bacillaceae include halophilic species that might coexist with halophilic archaea in the same environments, e.g., Bacillus halophilus, B. salexigens, and B. natronophilus, as well as members of the genus Halobacillus and Oceanobacillus [33][34][35][36].…”