Taxonomic Monograph of the Endemic Millipede Assassin Bug Fauna of Madagascar (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae)

Forthman, Michael; Chłond, Dominik; Weirauch, Christiane

doi:10.1206/amnb-928-00-01.1

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…( D ) T oxopus insignis . Antenna, lateral view (modified from Forthman et al ., ). ( E ) A frodecius sp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…( L ) T anindraanus sp. T horax, ventral view (modified from Forthman et al ., ). ( M ) T anindrazanus varicolor .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…) are a good study system to investigate evolutionary patterns of sexual dimorphism. Millipede assassin bugs are a diverse group (736 spp., 121 genera; see Forthman et al ., ) of specialist millipede predators (Forthman & Weirauch, ) which are predominantly circumtropical in distribution and make up the fifth largest subfamily of assassins bugs ( Reduviidae). Members of Ectrichodiinae exhibit sexual dimorphism (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sexual dimorphism can be so extreme that association of conspecific males and females is difficult (e.g. Forthman et al ., ), and males and females have sometimes been described as different species and even as being in different genera (e.g. Rédei et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Millipede assassins and allies (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae, Tribelocephalinae): total evidence phylogeny, revised classification and evolution of sexual dimorphism

Forthman

Weirauch

2017

Systematic Entomology

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Evolution of sexual dimorphism in animals has long been of interest to scientists, but relatively few studies have reconstructed evolutionary patterns of extreme sexual dimorphism at a phylogenetic scale, especially in insects. Millipede assassin bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae; 736 spp.) and their sister taxon, Tribelocephalinae (150 spp.), exhibit sexual dimorphism that ranges from limited to extreme, a phenomenon apparently modulated by female morphology. Here, we reconstruct the first phylogeny for the subfamilies Ectrichodiinae and Tribelocephalinae with comprehensive generic representation (152 taxa in 72 genera) using morphological and molecular data (six gene regions). The combined phylogenetic results indicate that Tribelocephalinae are paraphyletic with respect to Ectrichodiinae, and that Ectrichodiinae themselves are polyphyletic. Based on these results, we synonymize Tribelocephalinae with Ectrichodiinae syn.n., describe three new tribes (Ectrichodiini trib.n., Tribelocodiini trib.n., and Abelocephalini trib.n.) and two new subtribes (Opistoplatyina subtrib.n. and Tribelocephalina subtrib.n.), and revise Tribelocephalini sensu n. Ancestral state reconstruction of sexual dimorphism reconstructed limited sexual dimorphism in the ancestor of Ectrichodiinae sensu n. with at least seven evolutionary transitions to extreme sexual dimorphism within the clade. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C810E20F-D66A-461F-A0E6-AB1073EA3E3C.

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“…( D ) T oxopus insignis . Antenna, lateral view (modified from Forthman et al ., ). ( E ) A frodecius sp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…( L ) T anindraanus sp. T horax, ventral view (modified from Forthman et al ., ). ( M ) T anindrazanus varicolor .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Millipede assassins and allies (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae, Tribelocephalinae): total evidence phylogeny, revised classification and evolution of sexual dimorphism

Forthman

Weirauch

2017

Systematic Entomology

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“…The predominantly circumtropical, leaf-litter inhabiting millipede assassin bugs are likely the largest group of specialized millipede predators with 886 species in 137 genera (see Maldonado, 1990Maldonado, , 1996Weirauch, 2010;R edei et al, 2012;Ishikawa et al, 2015;Davranoglou, 2016;Forthman et al, 2016;Weirauch et al, 2017). While certain species are cryptically coloured, many display striking red, yellow, orange, white, black and/or metallic patterns ( Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic comparative analysis supports aposematic colouration–body size association in millipede assassins (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae)

Forthman

Weirauch

2018

J of Evolutionary Biology

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The diversity of colour patterns and its importance in interactions with the environment make colouration in animals an intriguing research focus. Aposematic colouration is positively correlated with body size in certain groups of animals, suggesting that warning colours are more effective or that crypsis is harder to achieve in larger animals. Surprisingly, this relationship has not been recovered in studies investigating insects, which may have been confounded by a focus on aposematic taxa that are also gregarious. Millipede assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae) comprise species with cryptic and aposematic colour patterns across a range of body sizes, are typically solitary as adults and are thus an excellent model for investigating a possible association between colouration and body size. Here, we use a comprehensive phylogeny for Ectrichodiinae, ancestral state reconstruction of colouration, and phylogenetic comparative methods to test for a colouration-body size association. The ancestor of Ectrichodiinae is reconstructed as cryptically coloured, with multiple subsequent transitions between aposematic and cryptic colouration. Aposematic colouration is positively associated with male body length and supports the hypothesis that selection on Ectrichodiinae body size may influence evolutionary transitions between aposematic and cryptic colouration or alternatively that selection for aposematic colouration influences body size evolution.

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Endangered monoxenous trypanosomatid parasites: a lesson from island biogeography

et al. 2020

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Taxonomic Monograph of the Endemic Millipede Assassin Bug Fauna of Madagascar (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae)

Cited by 18 publications

References 46 publications

Millipede assassins and allies (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae, Tribelocephalinae): total evidence phylogeny, revised classification and evolution of sexual dimorphism

Millipede assassins and allies (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae, Tribelocephalinae): total evidence phylogeny, revised classification and evolution of sexual dimorphism

Phylogenetic comparative analysis supports aposematic colouration–body size association in millipede assassins (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae)

Endangered monoxenous trypanosomatid parasites: a lesson from island biogeography

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