Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia – a 50 year perspective (1971–2021)

Ryan, Una; Feng, Yaoyu; Fayer, Ronald; Xiao, Lihua

doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.08.007

Cited by 211 publications

(212 citation statements)

References 379 publications

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“…In total, 19 species (including C. hominis and C. parvum) and 4 genotypes have been reported in humans including C. meleagridis, C. canis, C. felis, C. ubiquitum, C. cuniculus, C. viatorum, C. muris, C. andersoni, C. erinacei, C. tyzzeri, C. bovis, C. suis, C. scrofarum, C. occultus, C. xiaoi, C. fayeri, C. ditrichi, Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I, mink genotype, skunk genotype and horse genotype [ 1 , 33 ] ( Table 1 ). Where possible, subtyping analysis at the gp60 locus has been used to document gp60 subtypes common to humans and animals, to support zoonotic transmission ( Table 2 ).…”

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over 20 C. parvum gp60 subtype families have been identified with geographic variation in subtype distribution as well as host adaptation demonstrated [ 23 , 31 ]. For example, the three dominant C. parvum gp60 subtype families in humans are IIa, IId and IIc, and of these, IIc appears to be almost exclusively anthropologically transmitted whereas IIa and IId are zoonotic [ 1 , 33 , 145 ]. WGS also supports this and it has been suggested that the C. parvum IIc subtype should be considered a separate subspecies ( Cryptosporidium parvum anthroponosum ), while the zoonotically transmitted IIa and IId subtypes referred to as Cryptosporidium parvum parvum [ 146 ].…”

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, five chipmunk genotypes have been identified in rodents but only one of these, chipmunk genotype 1 has been identified in humans [ 33 ]. Chipmunk genotype I was first identified in New York storm water as genotype W17 [ 209 ] but was renamed as chipmunk genotype I, when it was detected in rodent faecal samples in 2007 [ 210 ].…”

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence and clinical impact of Cryptosporidium and the potential for zoonotic transmission is highest in developing countries, yet relatively few molecular epidemiological studies have been conducted in these areas [ 1 , 33 ]. Large-scale molecular studies are therefore urgently required to explore the extent of zoonotic transmission [ 1 , 33 ].…”

Section: Knowledge Gaps and Future Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other loci examined include actin, heat shock protein 70 ( hsp7 0) and the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene (COWP) [ 31 ]. Currently, at least 44 species of Cryptosporidium and >120 genotypes have been identified, with C. hominis and C. parvum being the most important species infecting humans [ 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans

Ryan

Zahedi

Feng

et al. 2021

Animals

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130

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The enteric parasite, Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhoeal illness in humans and animals worldwide. No effective therapeutics or vaccines are available and therefore control is dependent on understanding transmission dynamics. The development of molecular detection and typing tools has resulted in the identification of a large number of cryptic species and genotypes and facilitated our understanding of their potential for zoonotic transmission. Of the 44 recognised Cryptosporidium species and >120 genotypes, 19 species, and four genotypes have been reported in humans with C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. canis and C. felis being the most prevalent. The development of typing tools that are still lacking some zoonotic species and genotypes and more extensive molecular epidemiological studies in countries where the potential for transmission is highest are required to further our understanding of this important zoonotic pathogen. Similarly, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and amplicon next-generation sequencing (NGS) are important for more accurately tracking transmission and understanding the mechanisms behind host specificity.

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Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Knowledge Gaps and Future Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans

Ryan

Zahedi

Feng

et al. 2021

Animals

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130

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Cryptosporidium

Xiao,

Feng

2023

ClinMicroNow

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Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that inhabit the brush borders of the gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelium of various vertebrates, causing enterocolitis, diarrhea, and cholangiopathy in humans. Cryptosporidium spp. are well‐recognized water and foodborne pathogens in industrialized nations, having caused many outbreaks of human illness. Cryptosporidium spp. are intracellular protozoan parasites that primarily infect epithelial cells of the intestine and biliary ducts, especially the ileum and colon. The distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis in humans is a reflection of the role of different transmission routes in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised persons, including patients with HIV, is frequently associated with chronic, life‐threatening diarrhea. In clinical laboratories, Cryptosporidium spp. in stool specimens are commonly detected by microscopic examinations of oocysts, immunologic detection of antigens, and nucleic acid amplification testing. Genotyping and subtyping have been used in characterizations of Cryptosporidium infections, especially in cryptosporidiosis surveillance and outbreak investigations.

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Prevalence and public health relevance of enteric parasites in domestic dogs and cats in the region of Madrid (Spain) with an emphasis on Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp.

Mateo,

Montoya,

Bailo

et al. 2023

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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BackgroundPet dogs and cats exert an unquestionable beneficial effect in the well‐being of their owners, but can also act as a source of zoonotic infections if improperly cared.ObjectivesWe investigated the occurrence, risk factors, genetic variability and zoonotic potential of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats attended in a clinical veterinary setting in Spain.MethodsCanine (n = 252) and feline (n = 35) faecal samples were collected during 2017–2019 and analysed by coproparasitological methods. A rapid lateral immunochromatographic test (ICT) was used for detecting Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp. Samples positive at microscopy examination and/or ICT were reassessed by molecular methods.ResultsOverall, 48.8% (123/252) of dogs and 48.6% (17/35) of cats were infected by enteric parasites. In dogs, G. duodenalis was the most prevalent species (40.9%), followed by Cystoisospora sp. (7.1%), and Toxocara canis (5.2%). In cats, Joyeuxiella sp. and Toxocara cati were the dominant species (20.0% each), followed by G. duodenalis (14.3%), D. caninum (5.7%) and Cystoisospora felis and Toxascaris leonina (2.9% each). Pups and kittens were more likely to harbour intestinal parasites and develop clinical signs. Sequence analyses of dog isolates revealed the presence of assemblages A (n = 1), C (n = 4), D (n = 4) and C+D (n = 1) within G. duodenalis; C. parvum (n = 1) and C. canis (n = 4) within Cryptosporidium and PtEb IX (n = 1) in Enterocytozoon bieneusi. A novel C. canis subtype family, named XXi, is reported.ConclusionsOur results highlight that (i) well‐cared dogs carry zoonotic enteric protozoan parasites of public health relevance, (ii) proper hygiene practices and routine veterinary treatment are essential to prevent zoonotic infections, (iii) vulnerable populations should avoid contact with pups/kittens with diarrhoea and (iv) infected dogs might be major contributors to the environmental contamination with soil‐transmitted helminths (STHs) eggs.

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Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia – a 50 year perspective (1971–2021)

Cited by 211 publications

References 379 publications

An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans

An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans

Cryptosporidium

Prevalence and public health relevance of enteric parasites in domestic dogs and cats in the region of Madrid (Spain) with an emphasis on Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp.

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