Taxonomy and Molecular Phylogeny of Daphnephila Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Inducing Complex Leaf Galls on Lauraceae, with Descriptions of Five New Species Associated with Machilus thunbergii in Taiwan

Abstract

Five new species of the genus Daphnephila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Asphondyliini), D. ornithocephala, D. stenocalia, D. sueyenae, D. taiwanensis, and D. truncicola, all associated with Machilus thunbergii (Lauraceae), are described from Taiwan, and one previously known species, D. machilicola, is redescribed from Japan. Among the five new species, D. truncicola induces stem galls and the other four species induce leaf galls. A molecular phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene suggests that in this genus the stem-galling habit is a more ancestral state compared to the leaf-galling habit. Daphnephila seems to be of tropical origin and to have dispersed to Japan through Taiwan.

Is a Gall an Extended Phenotype of the Inducing Insect? A Comparative Study of Selected Morphological and Physiological Traits of Leaf and Stem Galls onMachilus thunbergii(Lauraceae) Induced by Five Species ofDaphnephila(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Northeastern Taiwan

“…Biological and biogeographical treatments (Roskam, 1985(Roskam, , 1992 indicate that the galls induced by the Cecidomyiidae serve as useful model systems to make such measurements in the context of evolution of phytophagy and cecidogeny (Price, 2005;Yukawa et al, 2005). Many congeneric Cecidomyiidae induce galls of varied morphologies either on the same or on closely related species (Skuhravá et al, 1984;Yukawa et al, 2005;Raman, 2007;Tokuda et al, 2008). Among the gall-inducing Cecidomyiidae (Gagné, 1989;Skuhravá, 2006), the levels of specificity of Daphnephila to species of Lauraceae are striking (Tokuda and Yukawa, 2007).…”

“…Available biological information reveals that the second-stage larvae of the Japanese populations of D. machilicola overwinter within galls on Machilus thunbergii, and turn into third-stage larvae in the following spring (Yukawa, 1974). The species of Daphnephila have adopted type-IIA life-history strategy which was defined by Yukawa (1987) and was suggested to live a longer period than the other type-IIA gall midges (Tokuda et al, 2008). Historically Daphnephila originated in tropical south Asia and dispersed with Machilus through Taiwan to Japan (Tokuda and Yukawa, 2007;Tokuda et al, 2008).…”

“…The species of Daphnephila have adopted type-IIA life-history strategy which was defined by Yukawa (1987) and was suggested to live a longer period than the other type-IIA gall midges (Tokuda et al, 2008). Historically Daphnephila originated in tropical south Asia and dispersed with Machilus through Taiwan to Japan (Tokuda and Yukawa, 2007;Tokuda et al, 2008). All five Taiwanese species induced galls of distinct morphologies on M. thunbergii, which sympatrically distributed in northeastern Taiwan (Tokuda et al, 2008).…”

A new species of Resseliella (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) infesting Japanese pear, Pyrus pyrifolia (Rosaceae)

“…The reverse primer COIA has been effectively detected interspecific variations in Cecidomyiidae (e.g. Uechi et al, 2003;Yukawa et al, 2003;Tokuda et al, 2004Tokuda et al, , 2008 in combination with COIS (Funk et al, 1995). COIA-Rodai is modified from COIA by MT.…”

New information on host plants and distribution ranges of an invasive gall midge, Contarinia maculipennis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and its congeners in Japan

“…The primers used in the analysis were: forward; COIS 5 0 -GGA TCA CCT GAT ATA GCA TTC CC-3 0 or LCO1490 5 0 -GGT CAA CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G-3 0 (Folmer et al 1994) and reverse; COIA 5 0 -CCC GGT AAA ATT AAA ATA TAA ACT TC-3 0 (Funk et al 1995). COIS has been used to detect intra and interspecific variations in Cecidomyiidae Yukawa et al 2003;Tokuda et al , 2008 in combination with COIA (Funk et al 1995). Another forward primer, LCO1490, has been adopted for the DNA barcoding project of animals (Hebert et al 2003).…”