TB Diagnostics: Journey from Smear Microscopy to Whole Genome Sequencing

Colorimetric Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESX-1 Substrate Protein in Clinical Samples Using Au@Pd Nanoparticle-Based Magnetic Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

“…Although multiple advances have been made in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, no reliable, simple, point-of-care test exists to definitively diagnose the disease. The bacteriological-based TB diagnosis (such as smear microscopy and culturing) is prone to reduced sensitivity, false results, and extended growth periods. , On the contrary, the highly sensitive molecular techniques rectify the existing flaws in bacteriological diagnosis and detect biomolecules in patient specimens to prevent false positives in diagnosis. Thus, molecular techniques brought a major breakthrough in TB diagnosis; however, it requires sophisticated technology and an exorbitant cost. , The other common and widely applicable antigen-based detection technique, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; sandwich-ELISA, and dot-ELISA), provides a serological MTB protein profile because of the catalytically amplified readouts produced by their enzyme labels. , Besides, ELISA appears to offer evidence of active TB and solves sampling complications in children. − However, ELISA is subjected to low sensitivity in marginalized tuberculosis-specific antigens, high cost, and short shelf life…”