TCMS inhibits ATP synthesis in mitochondria: A systematic analysis of the inhibitory mechanism

Bragadin, Marcantonio; Iero, A.; Cima, Francesca; Ballarin, Loriano; Manente, Sabrina

doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2007.04.009

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…TCMS (2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-methylsulphonyl pyridine), which was used in both the textile and leather industries, is one of the more recent AF compounds introduced to the market [134]. The toxicity of TCMS towards living organisms has already been evidenced [29,135,136] and substantiated in in vitro studies [137,138].…”

Section: The Main Type Of Antifouling Used In Aquaculture and Its mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks of Using Antifouling Biocides in Aquaculture

Guardiola

Cuesta

Meseguer

et al. 2012

IJMS

213

101

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Biocides are chemical substances that can deter or kill the microorganisms responsible for biofouling. The rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry is having a significant impact on the marine ecosystems. As the industry expands, it requires the use of more drugs, disinfectants and antifoulant compounds (biocides) to eliminate the microorganisms in the aquaculture facilities. The use of biocides in the aquatic environment, however, has proved to be harmful as it has toxic effects on the marine environment. Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to the organotin compounds found in antifouling products after restrictions were imposed on the use of tributyltin (TBT). The replacement products are generally based on copper metal oxides and organic biocides. The biocides that are most commonly used in antifouling paints include chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, DCOIT (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, Sea-nine 211®), Diuron, Irgarol 1051, TCMS pyridine (2,3,3,6-tetrachloro-4-methylsulfonyl pyridine), zinc pyrithione and Zineb. There are two types of risks associated with the use of biocides in aquaculture: (i) predators and humans may ingest the fish and shellfish that have accumulated in these contaminants and (ii) the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. This paper provides an overview of the effects of antifouling (AF) biocides on aquatic organisms. It also provides some insights into the effects and risks of these compounds on non-target organisms.

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Section: The Main Type Of Antifouling Used In Aquaculture and Its mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks of Using Antifouling Biocides in Aquaculture

Guardiola

Cuesta

Meseguer

et al. 2012

IJMS

213

101

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“…As a minor difference from Diuron, an initial protrusion of ampullar rudiments was observed after exposure to TCMS pyridine. These compounds are known to cause disturbances in the mitochondrial respiratory chains and induce cell apoptosis due to severe oxidative stress [59,60]. After the exposure to 500 µM Diuron (Figure 4g), larvae were without evident malformations but immotile.…”

Section: Larval Abnormalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Exposure to Trade Antifouling Paints and Biocides on Larval Settlement and Metamorphosis of the Compound Ascidian Botryllus schlosseri

Cima

Varello

2022

JMSE

Self Cite

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To evaluate the effects of antifouling paints and biocides on larval settlement and metamorphosis, newly hatched swimming larvae of the compound ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, a dominant species of soft-fouling in coastal communities, were exposed to (i) substrata coated with seven antifouling paints on the market containing different biocidal mixtures and types of matrices and (ii) sea water containing various concentrations of eight biocidal constituents. All antifouling paints showed high performance, causing 100% mortality and metamorphic inhibition, with ≥75% not-settled dead larvae. All antifouling biocides prevented the settlement of larvae. The most severe larval malformations, i.e., (i) the formation of a bubble encasing the cephalenteron and (ii) the inhibition of tail resorption, were observed after exposure to metal and organometal compounds, including tributyltin (TBT) at 1 μM (325.5 µg L−1), zinc pyrithione (ZnP) at 1 μM (317.7 µg L−1), and CuCl at 0.1 μM (98.99 µg L−1), and to antimicrobials and fungicides, including Sea-Nine 211 at 1 μM (282.2 µg L−1) and Chlorothalonil at 1 μM (265.9 µg L−1). The herbicides seemed to be less active. Irgarol 1051 was not lethal at any of the concentrations tested. Diuron at 250 μM (58.2 mg L−1) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methylsulphonyl)pyridine (TCMS pyridine) at 50 μM (14.8 mg L−1) completely inhibited larval metamorphosis. These results may have important implications for the practical use of different antifouling components, highlighting the importance of their testing for negative impacts on native benthic species.

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“…Irgarol 1051 exposure significantly increased the total and dinoflagellate multixenobiotic resistance, dinoflagellate Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, dinoflagellate chloroplast small heat-shock proteins, and cnidarian protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX while decreasing cnidarian glutathione peroxidase, cnidarian ferrochelatase, cnidarian catalase, and cnidarian CYP 450-3 and -6 classes (Downs & Downs 2007). Both Irgarol 1051 and zinc pyrithione inhibit ATP synthesis by opening small pores in the mitochondrial membranes of rats (Bragadin et al 2003(Bragadin et al , 2006, whereas Sea-Nine 211 and TCMS pyridine (2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methyl sulphonyl) pyridine) reduce succinic dehydrogenase activity in the respiratory chain (Bragadin et al 2005(Bragadin et al , 2007. Zinc pyrithione can also interact with the polar head group of membrane phospholipids in bacteria, inhibiting membrane transport of substrates and decreasing intracellular ATP levels by inhibiting ATP synthesis (Ermolayeva & Sanders 1995;Dinning, AL-Adham, Eastwood et al 1998).…”

Section: Lethal Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mini-review: Molecular mechanisms of antifouling compounds

2013

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Various antifouling (AF) coatings have been developed to protect submerged surfaces by deterring the settlement of the colonizing stages of fouling organisms. A review of the literature shows that effective AF compounds with specific targets are ones often considered non-toxic. Such compounds act variously on ion channels, quorum sensing systems, neurotransmitters, production/release of adhesive, and specific enzymes that regulate energy production or primary metabolism. In contrast, AF compounds with general targets may or may not act through toxic mechanisms. These compounds affect a variety of biological activities including algal photosynthesis, energy production, stress responses, genotoxic damage, immunosuppressed protein expression, oxidation, neurotransmission, surface chemistry, the formation of biofilms, and adhesive production/release. Among all the targets, adhesive production/release is the most common, possibly due to a more extensive research effort in this area. Overall, the specific molecular targets and the molecular mechanisms of most AF compounds have not been identified. Thus, the information available is insufficient to draw firm conclusions about the types of molecular targets to be used as sensitive biomarkers for future design and screening of compounds with AF potential. In this review, the relevant advantages and disadvantages of the molecular tools available for studying the molecular targets of AF compounds are highlighted briefly and the molecular mechanisms of the AF compounds, which are largely a source of speculation in the literature, are discussed.

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TCMS inhibits ATP synthesis in mitochondria: A systematic analysis of the inhibitory mechanism

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

Risks of Using Antifouling Biocides in Aquaculture

Risks of Using Antifouling Biocides in Aquaculture

Effects of Exposure to Trade Antifouling Paints and Biocides on Larval Settlement and Metamorphosis of the Compound Ascidian Botryllus schlosseri

Mini-review: Molecular mechanisms of antifouling compounds

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