TCP with hop-oriented network coding in multi-radio multi-channel wireless mesh networks

Abstract

In multi-radio multi-channel wireless mesh networks (MRMC WMNs), the performance of transmission control protocol (TCP) significantly deteriorates when non-congestion packet losses occur. TCP-hop-oriented network Coding (HONC) is proposed in this study to improve the performance of TCP with hop-oriented network coding in MRMC WMNs. It combines a block of inter-and intra-flow packets that share a same next-hop node by random linear network coding, and then it forwards and acknowledges these blocks hop by hop. Distributed rate control and path selection algorithm is introduced to effectively utilise network resources and balance load from congested paths to non-congested ones. The simulations show that TCP-HONC achieves a significant throughput gain. Meanwhile, the end-to-end delay and delay jitter of TCP-HONC are relatively small even with a high loss rate. TCP-HONC outperforms TCP/NC end-to-end by 236% and TCP/NC hop-by-hop by 143% in throughput and reduces the average end-to-end delay to 27 and 90%, when the packet loss rate on each link is 35%. Moreover, the resource is fairly allocated to different flows. TCP-HONC is also capable of balancing load among different paths and the queue length on bottleneck links is stable. The throughput gain achieved by TCP-HONC is the result of re-encoding data at intermediate nodes and the derived delay reduction benefits from the one-hop ACK and retransmission scheme.

Security concerns and countermeasures in network coding based communication systems: A survey

“…[89] is one of the earliest work proposing a new mechanism called TCP/NC that incorporates NC into TCP to improve TCP mechanism in lossy networks. Later, many other studies worked on improving TCP performance; however, most of them require TCP and network stack layer modifications [89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96].…”

“…Although the previously mentioned works [85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96] showed NC capabilities in TCP communications and improved the throughput of network, they can lead to a myriad of insecurity issues that should be handled. One of the most important security attacks in transport network layer, which is due to TCP connections, is Synchronization (SYN) flooding attack.…”

“…[32] showed NC mechanism is possible in TCP communications and then several works developed after that [85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96]. However SYN attack is an infrequent study…”

Performance analysis of TCP over visible light communication networks with ARQ‐SR protocol

“…TCP reacts to these losses by performing congestion control algorithms, which results in the degradation of end-to-end performance, particularly in TCP throughput, which is highly sensitive to losses. This problem has been addressed in both radio frequency and outdoor optical wireless communications [15][16][17][18]. To the best of our knowledge, however, the performance of TCP over VLC network has not been reported in the literature.…”

Analysis and design of multi-session network coding

“…The potential advantages of network coding over routing include the enhancement in network throughput [4][5][6], reliability [7][8][9], energy efficiency [10,11], security [12] and others [13][14][15][16]. Due to these promising benefits, network coding has found a wide range of applications in ad hoc networks [17][18][19], wireless mesh networks [6,[20][21][22][23], peer-to-peer communication systems [24][25][26] and distributed data storage [27].…”