TDI addition sequence in the propellant production process and parameters for scale down/up

Wibowo, Heri Budi; Luthfia, H. A.; Budiman, Yudha; Retno, A.; Afni, R.; Suwana, B. Rika; Hartaya, Kendra; Hamonangan, R. S.

doi:10.1063/5.0059980

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A mixture of 4 mL of HTPB, 50 mL of ethyl acetate, 0.4 mL of TDI, and 200 g of octogen is prepared in a 500 mL glass beaker and stirred for 60 min [12,14]. The molar ratio of isocyanate to hydroxyl was maintained as equimolar (R = 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diffusion Effect on Octogen Coating-Curing Kinetics with Polyurethane Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Wibowo,

Sitompul,

Budiman

et al. 2023

Coatings

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The kinetic analysis of octogen coating with a polyurethane base containing hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) was investigated using infrared spectroscopy. The coating process involved a solvent method, where octogen and liquid polyurethane were mixed, the solvent was evaporated, and curing took place at an elevated temperature. The ratio of HTPB to diisocyanate was equimolar. About 200 g octogen was coated with mixture of 2 mL HTPB, 50 mL ethyl acetate, and 0.2 mL TDI in the glass beaker at 30 °C for 1 h. The filtrated ethyl acetate was then evaporated, and the residue was dried in a vacuum oven for 15 min at 30 °C. The resulting film-coated octogen was cast into a KBr pellet and cured in the oven for 7 days at 40 °C, then infrared-analyzed every hour during the curing process. After curing, the shape of the coated octogen particles was analyzed using SEM Initially, the curing process occurred in the solvent system, followed by further curing in the bulk system. The kinetic analysis was performed using a modified diffusion-autocatalytic model, which includes noncatalytic, autocatalytic, and diffusion components. This model was compared with others during the bulk reaction and proved to be effective in correcting errors, particularly in the gel time region. Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated using the Arrhenius and Eyring equations. The reaction rate was initially controlled by chemical reactivity, but after the gel time, diffusion became the controlling factor. In the HTPB-TDI system, both the noncatalytic and autocatalytic parts decreased with increasing temperature, while diffusivity increased. It is worth noting that diffusivity is temperature-dependent. Different di-isocyanates, namely toluene diisocyanate (TDI), iso-phorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), were studied, revealing that HMDI exhibited higher reactivity than TDI and IPDI. The catalyst effect on reaction rate of the HTPB-TDI system was investigated. The addition of catalysts (0.1%) to the HTPB-TDI system decreased their activation energy in the order DBTL > FeAA > TPB. Catalysts did not change their diffusivity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polyurethane curing kinetics has been extensively studied using various methods such as infrared spectroscopy, NMR, viscosity, and heat release measurements [12][13][14][15][16]. Among these, infrared spectroscopy stands out as the simplest, most accurate, rapid, and cost-effective method for evaluating this kinetic model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffusion Effect on Octogen Coating-Curing Kinetics with Polyurethane Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Wibowo,

Sitompul,

Budiman

et al. 2023

Coatings

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Shape and size effect of octogen and hexogen particles modified by PU coating to their processibility of composite propellant

Sitompul,

Budi,

Wibowo

2023

Machine Learning and Information Processing: Proceedings of Icmlip 2023

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Diffusion Effect on Octogen Coating-Curing Kinetics with Polyurethane Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Wibowo,

Sitompul,

Budiman

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The kinetic analysis of octogen coating with a polyurethane base containing hydroxyl-terminated polybutadi-ene (HTPB) was investigated using infrared spectroscopy. The coating process involved a solvent method, where octogen and liquid polyurethane were mixed, the solvent was evaporated, and curing took place at an elevated temperature. The ratio of HTPB to diisocyanate was equimolar. Initially, the curing process occurred in the solvent system, followed by further curing in the bulk system. The kinetic analysis was performed using a modified diffusion-autocatalytic model, which includes non-catalytic, autocatalytic, and diffusion compo-nents. This model was compared with others during the bulk reaction and proved to be effective in correcting errors, particularly in the gel time region. Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated using the Arrhenius and Eyring equations. The reaction rate was initially controlled by chemical reactivity, but after the gel time, diffusion became the controlling factor. In the HTPB-TDI system, both the non-catalytic and autocatalytic parts decreased with increasing temperature, while diffusivity increased. It is worth noting that diffusivity is temperature-dependent. Different diisocyanates, namely toluene diisocyanate (TDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), were studied, revealing that HMDI exhibited higher reactivi-ty than TDI and IPDI. The catalyst effect on reaction rate HTPB-TDI system is investigated. Catalysts adding (0.1%) to HTPB-TDI system is really decrease their activation energy by efectivity DBTL>FeAA>TPB. Catalyst not change their diffusivity.

show abstract

TDI addition sequence in the propellant production process and parameters for scale down/up

Cited by 3 publications

References 21 publications

Diffusion Effect on Octogen Coating-Curing Kinetics with Polyurethane Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Diffusion Effect on Octogen Coating-Curing Kinetics with Polyurethane Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Shape and size effect of octogen and hexogen particles modified by PU coating to their processibility of composite propellant

Diffusion Effect on Octogen Coating-Curing Kinetics with Polyurethane Using Infrared Spectroscopy

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