Tea Waste Management: A Case Study from West Bengal, India

Chowdhury, Anurag; Sarkar, Satyajit; Chowdhury, A.A.; Bardhan, Soumik; Mandal, Palash; Chowdhury, Monoranjan

doi:10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i42/89790

Cited by 36 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The efficiency of tannin extraction from plants depends on the plant species and the solvent used for extraction. It can also be obtained from agricultural waste [ 82 ], grapes skin [ 83 ], and fruit residues [ 84 ]. Tannins extracted from larch [ 85 ], pine [ 86 ], bark of wattle [ 87 ], and quebracho [ 88 ] have been used to produce resin with similar properties to PF resin.…”

Section: Phenol Substitutes For Pf Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Sarika

Nancarrow

Khansaheb³

et al. 2020

Polymers

148

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Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

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Section: Phenol Substitutes For Pf Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Sarika

Nancarrow

Khansaheb³

et al. 2020

Polymers

148

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Finally, a device is employed to recover energy from the flue gas emitted. A 25% of energy will be recovered by incineration [ 9 ]. In OpenLCA, there's an options study about the disposal method under the incineration category shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total energy used can be shown as [ 9 ]: ΔE = Q + W Where: E: the total energy of the system (units of energy. Q: heat transferred from the environment to the system through the boundaries of the volume (units of energy) over the interval of time during which E changes W: work done on the system by the environment (units of energy) over the interval of time during which E changes …”

Section: Research Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Waste decaffeinated tea has a significant chance of improving the feed readiness of pigs and poultry. According to Chowdhury [ 9 ], processing plant tea waste exhibits the highest degree of tannic corrosive above 5%, which adversely impacts the growth and displays of grilled chicken. Green tea waste will typically be disposed of via a landfill or incinerated, much like all other wastes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implementation of life cycle analysis on green tea process

Thiruvengadam¹,

Baharuddin²,

Lim³

2023

Heliyon

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“…Tea beverages are prepared through the infusion of dried leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) to extract therapeutic compounds, mainly polyphenols, as well as aromatic compounds (Rodrigues et al, 2015; Chaturvedula and Prakash, 2011). The remaining insoluble material is called tea dregs, which can be utilized as feed, fertilizer, or adsorbent (Chowdhury et al, 2016;Kabir et al, 2021). The global market of ready-to-drink tea beverages has continually increased, with a demand of 18 to 20 billion cups of tea per day, and this inevitably impacts the massive production of dregs and improper disposal (Dubey et al, 2020; Hussain et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remnant photosynthetic pigments in tea dregs: identification, composition, and potential use as antibacterial photosensitizer

Indrawati

Zubaidah

Sutrisno

et al. 2021

Potr. S. J. F. Sci.

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The production of tea dregs is continually increasing along with the growth of people's interest in ready-to-drink beverages. However, the recent development of research on the use of tea dregs is still very limited. The present study was aimed to identify the remnant photosynthetic pigments in tea dregs, determine their composition, and evaluate their potential use as natural antibacterial agents based on light-induced reaction (photosensitization). The tea dregs from six commercial teas, consisting of green and black teas, were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photodiode array detector, and the spectroscopic data were analyzed from 350 to 700 nm. Pigment identification was performed based on spectral characteristics, and pigment composition in the extracts from the dregs was determined by a three-dimensional multi-chromatogram analysis method. The dominant pigment fractions in both tea types were pheophytin a and its isomers, as well as pheophytin b. Although the dregs of black teas generally contain fewer remnant pigments, they possess residual chlorophyll b, which is not found in the dregs of green teas. In thirty-minutes illumination under 50 W red light-emitting diode, the presence of pigments from tea dregs caused up to 0.87 and 0.35 log reduction of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. The disparity of pigments composition among tea types does not strongly influence their photosensitization activity against both bacteria. Hence, upon further application, the amount of total remnant pigments in the dregs could be taken as substantial consideration instead of tea types.

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Tea Waste Management: A Case Study from West Bengal, India

Cited by 36 publications

References 9 publications

Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Implementation of life cycle analysis on green tea process

Remnant photosynthetic pigments in tea dregs: identification, composition, and potential use as antibacterial photosensitizer

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