“…Using the computer and unplugged and activity-based applications and robotic tools and equipment while gaining coding skills is one of these solutions (Metin, 2020;Sullivan & Bers, 2016;Bers et al, 2014;Sullivan et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2011;Futschek & Moschitz, 2010). While programming can be seen as an abstract activity in itself, physical objects such as robots make the activity more concrete while also encouraging collaboration around the programming task at hand (Bers et al, 2019;Bers, 2018aBers, , 2018bCampbell & Walsh, 2017;Levy & Mioduser, 2008;Reese et al, 2019;Bell et al, 2012;Resnick & Siegel, 2015;Sullivan & Bers, 2016). There are two standard practices for improving coding skills: Computer does not require the use (as code.…”