Commonly interpreted as knowledge and allied inferential processes ranging from simple forms of perception to complicated forms of reasoning, cognition has long been recognised as one of the three pillars for mental functioning and learning (the other two being emotion and motivation; Moshman, 2020). At the same time, subsequent to the Coleman Report (Coleman et al., 1966) that affirmed the significant roles of family background and peers in students' academic achievement, much research has revealed the importance of teachers in both cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes. Indeed, teachers have been widely acknowledged as a primary type of learning environment in students' learning and performance (Aaronson et al., 2007; Zhang, in press).One might ask: Why is there a need for more research on such a well-established fact that students' cognitive functions and teacher-relevant factors are crucial in human cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes? Within the context of this issue of Educational Psychology, the answer to this question should be evident: Each of the eight articles has examined the relevant phenomena from a nuanced perspective.Allen and Giofr e's ( 2021) study has succeeded in communicating the importance of looking into the specific components of constructs and/or issues under investigation. The authors tested their hypothesis that different working memory components (i.e., verbal and visuo-spatial) would predict different types of mathematical tasks among school children in the United Kingdom. As expected, some mathematics tasks (i.e., counting and understanding numbers; and using and applying mathematics) were more closely associated with verbal working memory, while others (i.e., handling data and understanding shape) were more significantly linked with visuo-spatial working memory.Rapid automatised naming (RAN) had been widely recognised as a fundamental predictor for reading processes. Escobar et al. (2021) hypothesised that even after the effects of some of the key cognitive factors (i.e., inhibition, working memory, phonological awareness, and counting) frequently associated with either RAN or arithmetical fluency are taken into consideration, RAN would still statistically predict arithmetical fluency. Among Chilean first-grade school children, the authors found support for their anticipated relationship. The value of this study lies in its discovery of RAN being a general cognitive variable that is essential not only to reading performance but also to mathematics performance.Hung and Loh (2021) turned their attention to the role of cognitive flexibility, one of the two key components to executive function (the other one being working memory) in metalinguistic skills and reading comprehension. As expected, cognitive flexibility statistically predicted Hong Kong primary school children's performance on both metalinguistic skills and reading comprehension. More importantly, the study has advanced the literature by demonstrating that cognitive flexibility made unique statistical contributions beyond ag...