“…For example, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (2018) reports that 268 million children globally are functionally illiterate and innumerate despite 50% of them having spent at least 4 years in school. Existing research suggests that student characteristics, family and home environment, as well as teacher characteristics and school factors influence students' learning and academic attainment (Hattie, 2009;Meyer and Benavot, 2013;Nilson and Gustafsson, 2016). Among school-related factors, it is argued that teacher qualities make the greatest contribution to students' learning (e.g., Barber and Mourshed, 2007;Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2012;World Bank, 2018).…”