Teacher Reports of DSM-IV ADHD, ODD, and CD Symptoms in Schoolchildren

Nolan, Edith E.; Gadow, Kenneth D.; Sprafkin, Joyce

doi:10.1097/00004583-200102000-00020

Cited by 206 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Teacher ratings were obtained for additional samples of 407 preschoolers and 404 elementary students, none of whom was receiving special education services. Details of the sampling procedure appear in prior publications (Gadow et al 2004aGadow and Sprafkin 1997Nolan et al 2001).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oppositional Defiant Disorder as a Clinical Phenotype in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Gadow

DeVincent

Drabick

2008

J Autism Dev Disord

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To examine the validity of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) as a clinical phenotype distinct from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), parents and teachers completed a DSM-IVreferenced rating scale and a background questionnaire for 608 children (ages 3-12 years) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The ASD sample was separated into four groups: ODD, ADHD, ODD + ADHD, and neither (NONE). Comparison samples were non-ASD clinic (n = 326) and community (n > 800) controls. In the ASD sample, all three ODD/ ADHD groups were clearly differentiated from the NONE group, and the ODD + ADHD group had the most severe cooccurring symptoms, medication use, and environmental disadvantage. There were few differences between ASD + ODD and ASD + ADHD groups. Findings for ASD and control samples were similar, supporting overlapping mechanisms in the pathogenesis of ODD.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oppositional Defiant Disorder as a Clinical Phenotype in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Gadow

DeVincent

Drabick

2008

J Autism Dev Disord

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“…Studies in Colombia [21], Germany [22], Iran [23], Australia [24], and the United States [25,26] indicated that individuals from low SES environments were 1.5-4 times more likely to meet criteria for ADHD than individuals from families with high SES. However, other studies did not find a significant relation between SES and prevalence of ADHD [12,[27][28][29] suggest that additional research is needed to test more conclusively whether low SES may be a risk factor for ADHD in at least some populations. …”

Section: Socioeconomic Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review

2012

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This article describes a comprehensive metaanalysis that was conducted to estimate the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). A systematic literature review identified 86 studies of children and adolescents (N0 163,688 individuals) and 11 studies of adults (N014,112 individuals) that met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, more than half of which were published after the only previous meta-analysis of the prevalence of ADHD was completed. Although prevalence estimates reported by individual studies varied widely, pooled results suggest that the prevalence of DSM-IV ADHD is similar, whether ADHD is defined by parent ratings, teacher ratings, or a best estimate diagnostic procedure in children and adolescents (5.9-7.1 %), or by self-report measures in young adults (5.0 %). Analyses of diagnostic subtypes indicated that the predominantly inattentive type is the most common subtype in the population, but individuals with the combined type are more likely to be referred for clinical services. Additional research is needed to determine the etiology of the higher prevalence of ADHD in males than females and to clarify whether the prevalence of ADHD varies as a function of socioeconomic status or ethnicity. Finally, there were no significant prevalent differences between countries or regions of the world after controlling for differences in the diagnostic algorithms used to define ADHD. These results provide important support for the diagnostic validity of ADHD, and argue against the hypothesis that ADHD is a cultural construct that is restricted to the United States or any other specific culture.Keywords ADHD . Prevalence . DSM-IV . Subtypes . DiagnosisIn 2007, Polanczyk et al.[1] completed the first comprehensive meta-analysis of the prevalence of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD was estimated to be 5.29 %, but specific estimates varied widely across the 103 studies included in the analysis. Significant moderators that accounted for a portion of the heterogeneity among studies included the diagnostic criteria used to define ADHD, the method used to assess ADHD symptoms, the specific algorithm used to combine multiple sources of information, and the incorporation of functional impairment as part of the definition of ADHD. Their results also suggested that the prevalence of ADHD was higher in males than females, and highest in young children, but age and gender were not included in final multivariate models, because too few studies reported results stratified on these variables.Interpretation of prevalence studies is complicated by significant changes to the diagnostic criteria for ADHD for the past 30 years, culminating in the current definition specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) [2]. The DSM-IV defined 3 nominal subtypes of ADHD, based on differen...

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“…25 We were limited to teacher ratings, which are nonetheless valuable because teachers have broad experience with children and their behavioral ratings reflect age-appropriate evaluations. 26 The school setting is particularly well-suited for observing inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. 27 We have found that the hyperactive symptoms assessed here are equally prevalent across the cohorts, although inattention was lower among Finnish children.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal adiposity prior to pregnancy is associated with ADHD symptoms in offspring: evidence from three prospective pregnancy cohorts

et al. 2007

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Objectives: We examine whether pregnancy weight (pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and/or weight gain) is related to core symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school-age offspring. Design: Follow-up of prospective pregnancy cohorts from Sweden, Denmark and Finland within the Nordic Network on ADHD. Methods: Maternal pregnancy and delivery data were collected prospectively. Teachers rated inattention and hyperactivity symptoms in offspring. High scores were defined as at least one core symptom rated as 'severe' and two as 'present' (approximately 10% of children scored in this range). Logistic regression and latent class analyses were used to examine maternal pregnancy weight in relation to children's ADHD core symptoms. Results: Teacher rated 12 556 school-aged children. Gestational weight gain outside of the Institute of Medicine guidelines was not related to ADHD symptoms (below recommendations: odds ratio (OR): 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81, 1.14; above recommendations: OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.16). To examine various patterns of pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain, we used latent class analysis and found significant associations between classes that included pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity and a high ADHD symptom score in offspring, ORs ranged between 1.37 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.75) and 1.89 (95% CI: 1.13, 3.15) adjusted for gestational age, birth weight, weight gain, pregnancy smoking, maternal age, maternal education, child gender, family structure and cohort country of origin. Children of women who were both overweight and gained a large amount of weight during gestation had a 2-fold risk of ADHD symptoms (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.19, 3.72) compared to normal-weight women. Conclusions: We show for the first time that pre-pregnancy BMI is associated with ADHD symptoms in children. Our results are of public health significance if the associations are causal and will then add ADHD symptoms in offspring to the list of deleterious outcomes related to overweight and obesity in the prenatal period.

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Teacher Reports of DSM-IV ADHD, ODD, and CD Symptoms in Schoolchildren

Cited by 206 publications

References 13 publications

Oppositional Defiant Disorder as a Clinical Phenotype in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Oppositional Defiant Disorder as a Clinical Phenotype in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review

Maternal adiposity prior to pregnancy is associated with ADHD symptoms in offspring: evidence from three prospective pregnancy cohorts

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