“…The moderating effect of demographic characteristics of children (i.e., age, gender) has been supported by study findings as well (Pellegrini & Galda, 1991;Smith, 2007;Westerlund & Lagerberg, 2008). Furthermore, studies have also illustrated the importance and differences on the role of adults (Banerjee, Alsalman, & Alqafari, 2016;Howes & Matheson, 1992;Kim & Kim, 2017;Meacham, Vukelich, Han, & Buell, 2016), which was the next moderator. In this paper we coded the roles as "passive" when adults were present for only observation or not present, and "active" when adults directed or guided children's play.…”