was selected for a three-year term as a Senior Faculty Fellow of NYU-SoE's Othmer Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies. His scholarly activities have included 3 edited books, 7 chapters in edited books, 1 book review, 55 journal articles, and 109 conference papers. He has mentored 1 B.S., 16 M.S., and 4 Ph.D. thesis students; 31 undergraduate research students and 11 undergraduate senior design project teams; over 300 K-12 teachers and 100 high school student researchers; and 18 undergraduate GK-12 Fellows and 59 graduate GK-12 Fellows. Moreover, he directs K-12 education, training, mentoring, and outreach programs that currently enrich the STEM education of over 1,100 students annually. ) to produce the conceptual framework of "technological pedagogical content knowledge" (TPACK 2 ). Specifically, the TPACK framework emphasizes teachers' use of technology to assist students in comprehending content which may be pedagogically challenging. This framework consists of three domains: technology-, pedagogy-, and content-knowledge, and it includes the relationship each makes with one another. Technology, a product of applied science and engineering, is broadly defined to include technological artifacts and the system of knowledge domains, processes, techniques, skills, tools, and organizations to design, produce, and operate such artifacts. 3,4 In this work, we use technology to refer to the authentic and unique tools, techniques, skills, and knowledge of applied science and engineering, which are used by practicing scientists and engineers and can be appropriately adapted to promote learning in a classroom setting. Moreover, pedagogy refers to the different theories associated with effective teaching and learning methods as well as the assessment of student learning.
1,2Finally, content refers to the fundamental concepts, theoretical principles, and organization frameworks of a discipline treated in the learning environment. By exploiting the synergistic interactions among the three knowledge domains of technology, pedagogy, and classroom content, the TPACK framework can allow technology to be used as an effective pedagogical tool for creating and presenting novel representations of disciplinary knowledge that are more readily accessible to students.In this paper, we consider the use of the LEGO Mindstorms EV3 robotics kit to allow teachers to create unique and varied representations of disciplinary content in science and math. The use of robotics in the classroom can generate excitement and encourage participation in STEM learning for a wide range of students. Thus, this paper considers a novel instantiation of TPACK with robotics through three illustrative examples of classroom lessons in physics, biology, and math. Whereas previous TPACK research has focused on teachers' readiness to implement technology, 6 suggested qualitative assessment tools, 7,8 and potential criteria to assess the implementation, 8 this paper puts these concepts into practice, providing descriptions of three lessons, including the ra...