This teaching research paper presents a novel idea that combines fundamental scientific problems in practical engineering with the construction of the “Engineering System Modeling and Simulation” course. A large amount of mathematical modeling, numerical simulation, 3D entity modeling, finite element simulation, and analysis used to obtain the research results of our scientific research projects is fed back and integrated into the teaching content of the Engineering System Modeling and Simulation course. The content system of this course is based on the Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) aerospace engineering course and embodies the values and characteristics of HIT. It is constructed to meet the requirements of the “Ten Special Actions to Accelerate the Training of High-level Talented Person” focused on by the Ministry of Education and the Academic Degree Committee of the State Council. The research results and implementation of the current work are expected to produce pedagogical benefits for the training of postgraduate students in mechanical engineering and promote the understanding and mastery of basic and professional knowledge. At the same time, this course can also enhance students’ research ability, engineering ability, thinking ability, and innovative consciousness.