“…In technical higher education, gamification, the use of game design elements for purposes and contexts other than normally expected (Deterding, Dixon, Khaled, & Nacke, 2011), is increasingly being used to motivate and engage students (Iosup & Epema, 2014). Gamification has been employed to teach core programming concepts (Arawjo, Wang, Myers, Andersen, & Guimbretière, 2017), improve programming skills (Barrón-Estrada, Zatarain-Cabada, & Lindor-Valdez, 2017), motivate students to develop specific skills (Rojas-López & Rincón-Flores, 2018) and to engage students (Ibanez, Di-Serio, & Delgado-Kloos, 2014).…”