Tear cytokines and chemokines in patients with Demodex blepharitis

Kim, Jee Taek; Lee, Seok Hyun; Chun, Yeoun Sook; Kim, Jae Chan

doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2010.08.009

Cited by 77 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…antigens penetration to conjuctivitis epithelium superficial layers provokes an immunological response in the form of antigen presenting cells, lymphocytes and Langerhans' cells, as well as the secretion of proinflammatory cytokins. In ophthalmic demodecosis, examinations of the eye conjunctiva reveal elevated levels of macrophages and cd4 lymphocytes, and the interleukin-1 level was increased in the lacrimal film [12].…”

Section: Eye Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demodex – An Old Pathogen or a New One?

Rusiecka-Ziółkowska¹,

Nokiel²,

Fleischer³

2014

Adv Clin Exp Med

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Demodex was first identified over 150 years ago, but only recently has it attracted wider interest as a contributor to chronic diseases such as acne rosacea or marginal blepharitis. Demodex is commonly found in the human population, in skin sebaceous glands or follicles. The frequency of Demodex infection increases with age, as it is mainly diagnosed after the age of seventy; however, it can sometimes be found in children and teenagers. Demodex is supposed to contribute to the development of marginal blepharitis or acne rosacea, but the pathogenic mechanisms have not yet been explained in detail. These diseases are chronic and the long-term treatment effects are not satisfactory. This paper presents the characteristics of Demodex as well as its prevalence in the pathogenesis of eye and skin diseases, and describes the diagnostics and treatment of these disorders (Adv Clin Exp Med 2014, 23, 2, 295-298).

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Section: Eye Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demodex – An Old Pathogen or a New One?

Rusiecka-Ziółkowska¹,

Nokiel²,

Fleischer³

2014

Adv Clin Exp Med

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“…Although Demodex mites are reported more frequently in patients with blepharitis when compared with normal controls, there is controversy about their being a cause of blepharitis. 22,23 Kim et al 23 demonstrated significantly higher levels of IL-17 in the tears of Demodex blepharitis patients when compared with Demodex-free blepharitis group that normalized after treatment. They concluded that this finding may explain the mechanism of ocular discomfort and telangiectasias that is frequently encountered in Demodex blepharitis.…”

Section: Test)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there are several studies evaluating blepharitis in the literature that also have small case numbers. 9,11,23 Another reason was our unwillingness in pulling eyelashes that may be painful from healthy subjects without any ocular symptoms. Finally, PCR might also be used for the demonstration of fungi, but this would increase the cost of the study.…”

Section: Test)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodic acid–Schiff staining demonstrates fungi in chronic anterior blepharitis

Dadacı

Kılınç

Özer

et al. 2015

Eye

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Purpose To evaluate the presence of fungi in patients with chronic anterior blepharitis with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining of the eyelashes in addition to the conventional methods of fungal cultures and direct microscopy. Methods Nineteen patients with chronic anterior blepharitis of seborrheic or mixed seborrheic/staphylococcal type and 11 healthy age-and sex-matched controls were included in this prospective, nonrandomized, cross-sectional study. Blepharitis was diagnosed based on clinical evidence of greasy scales between the cilia, lid margin erythema, conjunctival hyperemia, telangiectasia, thickening, or irregularity of the eyelid margins by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Eyelash samples were obtained by epilation with a sterile forceps and evaluated with PAS staining, fungal cultures, and direct microscopy. Results We demonstrated fungal elements with PAS staining in 79% of the blepharitis group (hyphae and/or spores) and 18% of the control group. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.002). Four patients in the blepharitis group (21%) had positive cultures for fungi. The isolated fungi were Penicillium species (2 cases), Candida species (1 case), and Trichophyton verrucosum (1 case). Direct microscopic examination revealed Demodex mites in 42.1% of the blepharitis group. No culture growth or Demodex mites were observed in the control group. Conclusions We have shown fungi with PAS staining in the majority of patients with chronic anterior blepharitis. Further controlled studies are necessary to clarify the role of fungi in the etiopathogenesis of blepharitis.

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“…Algunos estudios han encontrado que Demodex sp o asociado a Bacillus sp pueden contribuir a la aparición de blefaritis 25,26 . Sin embargo, el estudio efectuado por Se Hee Lee y cols.…”

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