Tear fatigue behavior of lignin‐based sustainable rubber composites

Abstract

Rubber products, especially tire, experiences millions of fatigue cycles during their service life. In this period, penetration or cuts owing to any sharp objects brings calamitous failure. Thus, the fatigue crack growth (FCG) characteristic of tire components has become an important parameter to inspect. In the present study, the FCG behavior of sustainable filler, lignin‐filled composite is investigated. The impact of rubber matrix (epoxidation of natural rubber) on crack growth behavior is scrutinized in this article. Epoxy group introduction in natural rubber leads to a significant change in tearing energy throughout the strain range (10%–25%). Higher mol% of the epoxy group brings in a lower crack growth rate. An increase in polar interaction amongst the matrix through epoxide—hydroxyl functionality contributes significantly to the FCG rate. Inter‐molecular interaction promotes higher cross‐link density in epoxidized natural rubber containing composites which are reflected in static as well as dynamic‐mechanical properties. Morphological evidence (Field‐emission scanning electron microscope [FE‐SEM] and microscopic images) establishes the fact that stiffening at the crack tip, arising from intrinsic strain‐induced crystallization and high‐density network formation in the concerned matrix are the major contributors to the reduction in fatigue crack growth rate of a composite.

Effects of tire‐derived pyrolytic carbon black and pyrolytic heavy oil on the curing and mechanical properties of styrene‐butadiene rubber composites

“…The finding suggests that HO doping increased elastic behavior since it enhanced crosslinking density. 6 Due to the excellent wet traction and low rolling resistance, the outcomes of DMA of SBR compounds have also been proven to be a predictor of the compound's performance in tire tread for passenger cars. At 0 C, a high tan δ is linked to good wet traction, and at 60 C, a low tan δ is associated with minimal rolling resistance.…”

“…Collection, transportation to a treatment facility, and final disposal of scrap tires include recycling, composite manufacturing, incineration, landfilling, and, most importantly, open-area dumping. [5][6][7][8][9] According to a recent study, 11% of solid waste was incinerated, 40% was disposed of in landfills, 19% was recovered through recycling and composting, and 33% was still dumped in open places around the world. [10][11][12] Among various targets set by the UN as mentioned in the Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018, "Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns" is the most relevant in recent times.…”

“…22,23 The evolution of these properties for CBp in comparison to commercially available CBs has been extensively studied by several researchers to explore the potential use of CBp as a substitute. 6,[24][25][26] Additionally, efforts have been made by a few research groups to lengthen rubber mixtures using CBp. 27,28 This CBp of controlled quality can either completely or partially replace traditional CBs by being included in the tire and other rubber formulations.…”

“…In the past two decades, attention has been drawn to tire disposal techniques because of the world's population growth and the apparent increase in cars. Collection, transportation to a treatment facility, and final disposal of scrap tires include recycling, composite manufacturing, incineration, landfilling, and, most importantly, open‐area dumping 5–9 . According to a recent study, 11% of solid waste was incinerated, 40% was disposed of in landfills, 19% was recovered through recycling and composting, and 33% was still dumped in open places around the world 10–12 .…”

Evaluation of fatigue performance of filled and unfilled natural rubber/styrene‐butadiene rubber composites

“…Chowdhury et al [ 27 ] investigated the impact of rubber matrix (epoxidation of natural rubber) on fatigue crack growth behavior of sustainable filler, lignin‐filled composite. The existence of the Epoxy group in natural rubber created a remarkable change in tearing energy overall in the strain range.…”