Tear film dynamics and lipid layer characteristics—Effect of age and gender

Age-related changes in functional visual acuity in healthy individuals

“…The tear function index, which assesses tear function and is an effective way to measure tear flow combined with tear drainage, also showed significant differences among age groups. It is reported that in a normal population, aging is accompanied by a decline in tear function [28,30]. Our results similarly showed a significant decline with aging in the tear function index.…”

The effect of ageing on the ocular surface parameters

“…As well, Guillon et al [14] found higher tear film evaporation in older patients (more in women than men) suggesting that it may be a significant contributing factor to DED in that population. Similarly, Maissa et al [45]found that the tear film characteristics worsening with age. Another study conducted by Yeotikar et al [46] where 185 participants (aged 25 to 66 years) were evaluated found statistically significant associations between age and TMHk, BUT, palpebral redness and roughness, and conjunctival staining.…”

“…Women had a worse ocular surface condition than men (NIBUT (first and average), corneal and conjunctival staining, BUT and all questionnaires performed). A study conducted by Maissa et al [45]found that the changes in tear film stability and lipid layer characteristics are more marked in women than men. Such a finding and the higher evaporation rate in older women aforementioned could lead to a higher corneal and conjunctival damage by environmental exposure and therefore partly explain the higher symptomatology reported by women.…”

Caveolin-1 as a Novel Indicator of Wound-Healing Capacity in Aged Human Corneal Epithelium

“…In previous reports (35,36), it has been shown that tear-film stability is mostly influenced by age and sex, and dry-eye changes are more marked in women than in men. We used TBUT to assessed tear function.…”