Tear production and intraocular pressure in canine eyes with corneal ulceration

Williams, David L.; Burg, Philippa

doi:10.4314/ovj.v7i2.7

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…For these reasons, BC dogs may be more prone to bacterial contamination leading to complicated UK. 17,18 With respect to the age distribution for each grade (Figure 4), a peak of frequency distribution of UK occurred in Grade 1 around the middle age, which is consistent with previous reports [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] with respect to dogs affected by SCCEDs. Interestingly, among BC breeds, bimodal peaks were observed in Grade 3 UK.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Breed prevalence of canine ulcerative keratitis according to depth of corneal involvement

Iwashita

Wakaiki

Kazama

et al. 2020

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Objective To investigate the breed prevalence of canine ulcerative keratitis (UK) according to the depth of corneal involvement. Procedures Dogs diagnosed with ulcerative keratitis from 2008 to 2017 at the Triangle Animal Eye Clinic were included in this study. Only breeds with more than 20 eyes affected were selected. UK lesions were classified as superficial (Grade 1), stromal (Grade 2) or descemetoceles and perforations (Grade 3) and compared between brachycephalic (BC) and non‐BC dog breeds. Results Of 8877 dogs evaluated at Triangle Animal Eye Clinic from 2008 to 2017, 1109 eyes of 1018 dogs (male, 326 eyes; neutered male, 253 eyes; female, 211 eyes; spayed female, 316 eyes; and unknown sex, 3 eyes) aged between 0.1 and 19.2 years (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 8.33 ± 4.24 years) were diagnosed with UK. The number of eyes that was classified as Grade 1 was 359 eyes (187 non‐BC and 172 BC), Grade 2 was 373 eyes (60 non‐BC and 313 BC) and Grade 3 was 377 eyes (47 non‐BC and 330 BC). Significant differences were observed between BC and non‐BC dogs for all grades of UK. BC dogs were significantly more frequently affected by Grades 2 and 3 and less frequently by Grade 1 UK (P < .01). French bulldogs are more likely to be affected with Grade 1. Conclusions Brachycephalic dogs are more likely to have deeper corneal involvement in UK. This study provides novel data on the prevalence of superficial UK, which was low in BC dogs and high in non‐BC breeds.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Breed prevalence of canine ulcerative keratitis according to depth of corneal involvement

Iwashita

Wakaiki

Kazama

et al. 2020

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…30 Further, the amplitude of STT-1 increase with the conjunctivitis model (15.5 to 19.5-24 mm/min) is similar to changes noted in the presence of corneal ulceration; Williams and Burg showed that dogs with a unilateral corneal ulcer had significantly greater STT-1 values in the affected eye compared to the nonulcerated fellow eye (20.2 vs 16.7 mm/min, respectively). 31 Importantly, the present study demonstrates the tremendous capacity of the canine ocular surface to restore tear homeostasis in a rapid manner, notably regarding tear volume and drainage. Indeed, the volume of tears quickly stabilized (<5 minutes) after induction of conjunctivitis, despite T A B L E 1 Median (interquartile range) of basal and reflex tear film dynamics in healthy eyes (control) and eyes with experimentally induced conjunctivitis ongoing conjunctival inflammation (lasting ≥1 hour with topical histamine), 19 and no significant differences were noted in basal TV among control, mild, or severe conjunctivitis models.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…These results provide useful information for clinicians who manage canine patients with an acute injury to the ocular surface (eg, corneal ulcer, foreign body, or chemical burn with secondary conjunctivitis), and for basic scientists who utilize histamine-induced conjunctivitis as a model to investigate ocular pharmacology and therapeutics. 19,29 It is well established that corneal irritation causes reflex tearing across species, [30][31][32][33] with greater corneal nociceptive stimulation leading to greater tear production. 33 In contrast, little is known about the impact of conjunctival irritation on lacrimal secretion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of acute conjunctivitis on ocular surface homeostasis in dogs

Sebbag

Soler

Allbaugh

et al. 2020

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Objective To investigate the effects of acute conjunctivitis on tear film characteristics and corneal sensitivity in dogs. Animals studied Eight female spayed Beagle dogs (1.5‐2 years old, 7.5‐10 kg). Procedures On two consecutive days, one randomly selected eye in each dog received 1 or 375 mg/mL histamine solution to induce mild or severe conjunctivitis, while the contralateral eye served as control. Diagnostic tests were performed in the following order: fluorescein instillation and repeated tear collection over 20 minutes (to determine tear volume [TV] and turnover rate [TTR] by fluorophotometry), Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1), tear ferning, corneal esthesiometry, and tear film breakup time (TFBUT). Results Results are presented as median values for severe conjunctivitis, mild conjunctivitis, and control eyes. Eyes with severe conjunctivitis had significantly higher STT‐1 (24, 19.5, 17.5 mm/min; P = .002) and significantly lower TFBUT (10.5, 13.5, 15.5 s; P = .002), but no changes were noted in corneal tactile sensation (2, 2.5, 2.5 cm) or tear ferning (grades 2, 2, 2.5). Severe conjunctivitis significantly increased TV by nearly 10‐fold (631, 97, 65 µL) initially (reflex tearing), although basal TV returned rapidly (<5 minutes) in all eyes (46, 58, 48 µL). Finally, there was a nonsignificant trend for higher reflex TTR in the conjunctivitis vs control eyes (68, 58, 43%/min). Conclusions Experimentally induced conjunctivitis increases tear quantity and decreases tear quality in dogs, but has no impact on corneal sensitivity. Changes in tear film dynamics could affect ocular pharmacology (eg, precorneal retention time), although homeostasis of lacrimal volume and drainage is rapidly restored.

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“…It could therefore be speculated that, in some cases, ulcers may have completely healed prior to flap removal. Moreover, healing time could be influenced by the severity of the corneal ulcer ( Spiess et al , 2014 ), individual variation ( Williams and Burg, 2017 ; Iwashita et al , 2020 ), ocular surface conditions ( Ollivier et al , 2007 ), etc. Corneal stroma involves the majority of the entire corneal thickness, and healing time ranges between days and weeks ( Gelatt and Plummer, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of healing time of canine non-infectious deep ulcerative keratitis between medical therapy alone and combined treatment with medical therapy and a nictitating membrane flap: A retrospective study

Imcharoon¹,

Pinyosnit²,

Srilert³

et al. 2022

Open Vet J

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Background: Canine non-infectious deep ulcerative keratitis is considered a severe ocular disorder that possibly can progress to perforation. Immediate treatment should be directed to stimulate corneal wound healing, control infection, and minimize self-trauma while eliminating the underlying causes. Aim: This retrospective study was aimed to compare the difference of non-infectious deep corneal wound healing time between cases treated with medical therapy alone and those treated with medical therapy combined with a nictitating membrane flap. Methods: The medical records at the Ophthalmology Clinic, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University between January 2018 and March 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Sixty-six eyes (from 65 dogs) diagnosed with non-infectious deep ulcerative keratitis from the medical treatment group (n = 34) and the combined treatment group (n = 32) were included. The combined treatment group was prescribed the same conservative medical administrations plus a surgical nictitating membrane flap for 14 days. Results: Healing time was defined as the duration of time from the day that the dog had been diagnosed with deep ulcerative keratitis by a fluorescein staining test to the day that the corneal fluorescein stain was negative. Overall, the mean age of dogs with deep ulcerative keratitis was 10.49 ± 4.7 years. The disease was commonly evident in females more than males. Shih Tzu was the most prevalent dog breeds. The corneal healing time between dogs receiving medical therapy alone and those receiving combined treatment was not statistically significant (p = 0.386). Healing times were not significantly different between sex and breed (p = 0.41). The median corneal healing time for dogs older than 10 years in the combined treatments group (29.5 days; ranging from 20 to 46 days) was longer than for those receiving medical therapy alone (21 days; ranging from 9.5 to 30.5 days). Conclusion: Supportive therapy including a nictitating membrane flap is suggested in dogs prone to deep corneal ulcer not involving infection. Even though the healing time is not statistically significant, it acts as tissue bandage to reduce friction over the cornea, but it also alleviates the healing process by moistening the ocular surface.

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Tear production and intraocular pressure in canine eyes with corneal ulceration

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Breed prevalence of canine ulcerative keratitis according to depth of corneal involvement

Breed prevalence of canine ulcerative keratitis according to depth of corneal involvement

Impact of acute conjunctivitis on ocular surface homeostasis in dogs

Comparative study of healing time of canine non-infectious deep ulcerative keratitis between medical therapy alone and combined treatment with medical therapy and a nictitating membrane flap: A retrospective study

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