Teat Shape and Production Associated with Opening and Prolapse of the Teat Orifice in Friesian Cows

Rathore, A. K.

doi:10.1016/s0007-1935(17)34087-3

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Teats with either no callus formation (score 1) or excessive HK (score 4) were more likely to exhibit STC compared with teats with score 2 or 3. Similar to our findings, previous researchers (Rathore, 1977;Bakken, 1981) reported an association between teat-end shape and machine milking-induced long-term changes (i.e., HK), with teats with a flat teat end having a lower degree of HK compared with pointed and round teats. These reports and the results of our study suggest an interrelationship between teat-end shape, STC, and HK.…”

supporting

confidence: 92%

Short communication: Teat-end shape and udder-level milking characteristics and their associations with machine milking-induced changes in teat tissue condition

Wieland

Nydam

Älveby

et al. 2018

Journal of Dairy Science

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Machine milking-induced changes in teat tissue condition, such as congestion and edema, have been associated with teat canal openness, penetrability, and thus susceptibility to new intramammary infections and diminished animal well-being. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the association of teat-end shape and machine milking-induced shortterm changes in teat tissue condition. Our secondary objective was to study the association of udder-level milking characteristics and short-term changes. Data from 125 Holstein cows were analyzed in a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Cows were housed in freestall pens with sand bedding, fed a total mixed ration, and milked 3 times per day. Teat-end shape was classified into 3 categories: pointed, flat, and round. Udder-level milking characteristics were obtained from electronic on-farm milk meters. Short-term changes in teat tissue condition after machine milking were assessed visually. Multivariable generalized mixed model analysis showed an association between teat-end shape and short-term changes. Compared with teats with round teat-end shape, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for short-term changes was 1.68 (0.53-5.31) and 0.03 (0.004-0.19) in teats with pointed and flat teat-end shape, respectively. There was an association between milking characteristics and short-term changes such that higher milk flow rate during the first 15 s of milking decreased the likelihood of short-term changes. The adjusted probability of short-term changes for a milking observation of a mid-lactation cow and an average first 15-s milk flow rate of 0.5 and 1.5 kg/min was 53. 0% (42.8-63.8) and 32.9% (15.2-57.3), respectively. Our results suggest that teat-end shape may be one of the risk factors that contribute to machine milking-induced short-term changes. Milking characteristics (e.g., first 15-s milk flow rate) may have the potential as a measure to indirectly monitor teat tissue changes associated with machine milking on a daily basis, though further research is needed to validate this hypothesis and to establish thresholds that could serve as on-farm guidelines.

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supporting

confidence: 92%

Short communication: Teat-end shape and udder-level milking characteristics and their associations with machine milking-induced changes in teat tissue condition

Wieland

Nydam

Älveby

et al. 2018

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…7,10,11 Studies reported that pointed teat ends have a greater tendency to develop hyperkeratosis compared with flat teat ends. 7,10,20 The results of the aforementioned researchers have likewise indicated a significant relationship between cases of hyperkeratosis and the shape of the teat end. In addition, it was observed that flat teat ends had mild hyperkeratosis while pointed ones had a higher incidence of severe hyperkeratosis.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 89%

The Occurrence of Teat Hyperkeratosis in Cows and Its Effect on Milk Somatic Cell Counts

Emre¹,

Alaçam²

2015

Turkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci

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A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : In this study, the frequency of hyperkeratosis and its effect on milk somatic cell counts were researched. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : A total of 2332 teats in 583 Holstein cows in different stage of lactation were evaluated on the base of the criteria of morphological structure of the teat end and teat length, milk yield and number of lactations. Macroscopic appearances of lesions on the teat orifice were classified and also were photographed. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were evaluated using the fossomatic method. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : The SCC was determined to be less than 200.000 cells/mL in 72.8% of the quarters and greater than this in 27.2%. Forty-nine percent of the teat ends were normal while hyperkeratosis was identified in 51%. Hyperkeratosis degrees of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 was determined in 17%, 13.8%, 9.2%, 5% and 6% respectively. The study findings demonstrated that there was a significant rise in SCC parallel to increasing severity of hyperkeratosis (p<0.001) and that even mild hyperkeratosis could result in an increase in SCC (p<0.05). A significant correlation was determined between severe hyperkeratosis and pointed teat ends (p<0.001). The relationship between hyperkeratosis and milk yield was determined to be significant (p<0.001). However the connection between number of lactations and teat length with hyperkeratosis was not identified as statistically significant. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : It was concluded that pointed teat ends have a greater tendency to develop hyperkeratosis, the development of hyperkeratosis increased as milk yield dropped and hyperkeratosis could result in a significant increase in SCC and consequently pose a risk to udder health. K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Cattle; hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Bu çalışmada; hiperkeratozun rastlantısı ve süt somatik hücre sayısına etkisi araştırıldı. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Çalışma, laktasyonun farklı dönemlerinde bulunan 583 baş Holstein ineğe ait 2332 adet meme başında değerlendirildi. Çalışmada laktasyon sayısı, süt verimi, meme başı ucunun morfolojik yapısı ve meme başı uzunluğu kaydedildi. Meme başı deliğinde yer alan lezyonların makroskopik görünümleri sınıflandırıldı ve fotoğrafları kaydedildi. Somatik hücre sayımları (SHS) fossomatik yöntemiyle değerlendirildi. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Somatik hücre sayısı meme loblarının %72,8'inde 200 000 hücre/mL'den düşük, %27,2'sinde ise yüksek olarak tespit edildi. Meme başlarının %49'u normal olup, %51'inde ise hiperkeratoz belirlendi. Bir, 2, 3, 4 ve 5. derece hiperkeratoz oranları sırasıyla %17; %13,8; %9,2; %5 ve %6 olarak tespit edildi. Çalışma bulguları, hiperkeratoz şiddetindeki artışa paralel olarak SHS'ında önemli bir yükselme olduğunu (p<0,001) ve orta derece hiperkeratozların da SHS'nda yükselmeye neden olabileceğini gösterdi (p<0,05). Şiddetli hiperkeratoz ile sivri tip meme başı uçları arasında önemli düzeyde bir ilişki tes...

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“…The teat canal remains open for a few hours after the end of milking. The time period in which the teat canal returns to the pre-milking state depends on many internal and external factors such as the functional parameters of milking machine, the milking technique, the age of the animals, breed, production type (Tancin and Tancinova 2008), the shape of the teats (Rathore 1977;Tilki et al 2005), as well as characteristics of the teats (Gleeson et al 2005;Paulrud et al 2005;Stadnik et al 2010, and others).…”

Section: Abstract: Ultrasonography; Udder; Teat Regeneration; Milkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of milking on the teat canal of dairy cows determined by ultrasonographic measurements

Strapák¹,

Strapáková²,

Rušinová³

et al. 2017

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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Strapák P., Strapáková E., Rušinová M., Szencziová I. (2017): The influence of milking on the teat canal of dairy cows determined by ultrasonographic measurements. Czech J. Anim. Sci., 62, 75-81.The effect of milking on the length and diameter of the teat canal during teat regeneration immediately after milking was evaluated. The practical measurements of the teat canal were performed on 70 Holstein cows using ultrasound Aloka Prosound device 2. A special "bath method" of the teat ultrasonographic scanning was used at set time intervals -before milking, immediately after milking, and 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after milking. Before milking, the average length of the teat canal was 10.67 mm and 9.3 mm and the teat canal diameter was 1.11 mm and 1.09 mm for front and rear teats, respectively. The average length of the front and rear teat canal significantly increased by about 20.5 and 32.9% and the front and rear teat canal diameter increased by 9.0 and 9.1% on average immediately after milking compared to values detected before milking. After 120 min of regeneration the teat canal was by 3.56 and 14.95% longer than before milking for front and rear teats, respectively. Prolongation of the teat canal was significantly affected by teat position. Based on the present results, the time period of 120 min is not sufficient for the complete regeneration of the teat canal length to the pre-milking values. On the other hand, we recorded total regeneration of the teat diameter within 120 min after milking. The initial values of the front and rear teat diameter were equal to those measurd 120 min after milking.

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Teat Shape and Production Associated with Opening and Prolapse of the Teat Orifice in Friesian Cows

Cited by 16 publications

References 5 publications

Short communication: Teat-end shape and udder-level milking characteristics and their associations with machine milking-induced changes in teat tissue condition

Short communication: Teat-end shape and udder-level milking characteristics and their associations with machine milking-induced changes in teat tissue condition

The Occurrence of Teat Hyperkeratosis in Cows and Its Effect on Milk Somatic Cell Counts

The influence of milking on the teat canal of dairy cows determined by ultrasonographic measurements

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