Technical and economic performance of residential solar water heating in the United States

Cassard, Hannah; Denholm, Paul; Ong, Sean

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.016

Cited by 65 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The model has been developed and provided by the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [20]. It has been used to model and simulate solar water heating [21], concentrating solar power (CSP), solar PV, wind, and geothermal power projects [20,22]. Finally, the two types of SWH technoeconomic performance in light of Inland's solar potential were compared, and the extent of SWH penetration in the existing energy system and associated electricity savings were demonstrated and discussed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solar Water Heating as a Potential Source for Inland Norway Energy Mix

Hagos

Gebremedhin

Zethraeus

2014

Journal of Renewable Energy

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The aim of this paper is to assess solar potential and investigate the possibility of using solar water heating for residential application in Inland Norway. Solar potential based on observation and satellite-derived data for four typical populous locations has been assessed and used to estimate energy yield using two types of solar collectors for a technoeconomic performance comparison. Based on the results, solar energy use for water heating is competitive and viable even in low solar potential areas. In this study it was shown that a typical tubular collector in Inland Norway could supply 62% of annual water heating energy demand for a single residential household, while glazed flat plates of the same size were able to supply 48%. For a given energy demand in Inland Norway, tubular collectors are preferred to flat plate collectors for performance and cost reasons. This was shown by break-even capital cost for a series of collector specifications. Deployment of solar water heating in all detached dwellings in Inland could have the potential to save 182 GWh of electrical energy, equivalent to a reduction of 15,690 tonnes of oil energy and 48.6 ktCO 2 emissions, and contributes greatly to Norway 67.5% renewable share target by 2020.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In technoeconomic assessments, the choice between energy saving solutions should be based on comparative life cycle cost (LCC) [21,46]. Break-even occurs when the LCC of electric bill saving offsets the LCC of SWH.…”

Section: Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Water Heating as a Potential Source for Inland Norway Energy Mix

Hagos

Gebremedhin

Zethraeus

2014

Journal of Renewable Energy

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“…Furthermore, there was a decrease of 2% of future publications for 2015 compared to the same continent. According Cassard et al (2011), in the matter of solar water heating, the current US technology has the potential to save about 50-80% of the energy used for this application, depending on the region. Can be seen in Figure 15, the gap of 2014 compared to all other years.…”

Section: Solar Energy Research In Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Energy and Its Global Investments

Toniazzo

Klajn

Nogueira

et al. 2017

R. bras. Ener. Renov.

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This study aimed to analyze the research about solar energy on a global scale over the past five years, in order to identify the way to apply this source of energy and which countries are participating in the solar area investigation. In this context the scientific journals publications on solar energy of the last five years (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015) were analyzed, focusing on renewable energies and as selection criteria, the Impact Factor (IF) was adopted. The articles were

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“…In such cases the fluid gets stagnated and reaches higher temperatures whereby the glycols can cause a number of operational problems depending upon design of the solar rooftop water heating system. To deal with problems associated with such stagnant fluids, there are certain common designs such as drain back, boil back and allowing the fluid to fill the panel completely [52][53][54][55][56]. In fact, once a glycol based fluid reaches a bulk temperature of above 120°C, its degradation increases drastically making them turn acidic and causing corrosion issues, often needing replacement of the fluids as well as the panel components [57][58][59].…”

Section: Water-glycolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments in Heat Transfer Fluids Used for Solar Thermal Energy Applications

Srivastva¹,

Malhotra²,

Sc³

2015

J Fundam Renewable Energy Appl

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Solar thermal collectors are emerging as a prime mode of harnessing the solar radiations for generation of alternate energy. Heat transfer fluids (HTFs) are employed for transferring and utilizing the solar heat collected via solar thermal energy collectors. Solar thermal collectors are commonly categorized into low temperature collectors, medium temperature collectors and high temperature collectors. Low temperature solar collectors use phase changing refrigerants and water as heat transfer fluids. Degrading water quality in certain geographic locations and high freezing point is hampering its suitability and hence use of water-glycol mixtures as well as water-based nano fluids are gaining momentum in low temperature solar collector applications. Hydrocarbons like propane, pentane and butane are also used as refrigerants in many cases. HTFs used in medium temperature solar collectors include water, waterglycol mixtures -the emerging "green glycol" i.e., trimethylene glycol and also a whole range of naturally occurring hydrocarbon oils in various compositions such as aromatic oils, naphthenic oils and paraffinic oils in their increasing order of operating temperatures. In some cases, semi-synthetic heat transfer oils have also been reported to be used. HTFs for high temperature solar collectors are a high priority area and extensive investigations and developments are occurring globally. In this category, wide range of molecules starting from water in direct steam generation, air, synthetic hydrocarbon oils, nanofluid compositions, molten salts, molten metals, dense suspension of solid silicon carbide particles etc., are being explored and employed. Among these, synthetic hydrocarbon oils are used as a fluid of choice in majority of high temperature solar collector applications while other HTFs are being used with varying degree of experimental maturity and commercial viability -for maximizing their benefits and minimizing their disadvantages. Present paper reviews the recent developments taking place in the area of heat transfer fluids for harnessing solar thermal energy. Refrigerants/phase changing materials: These are low boiling point but high heat capacity substances used in the solar collectors to transfer heat in applications like solar space cooling and heating, refrigerators, air conditioning, etc [7]. These materials absorb heat from the solar collectors, produce work either by expanding in a turbo-generator of a vapor compression cycle or by dissociating the refrigerant from its absorbent in a vapor absorption cycle [8]. In some of the relatively high temperature applications, higher boiling point refrigerants are used as indirect heat transfer fluids, wherein the heat collected from the solar collectors is transferred to another fluid like water from where the refrigerants pick-up heat to do the required work in the turbo-generators [9,10]. Recent Developments in Heat Transfer

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Technical and economic performance of residential solar water heating in the United States

Cited by 65 publications

References 9 publications

Solar Water Heating as a Potential Source for Inland Norway Energy Mix

Solar Water Heating as a Potential Source for Inland Norway Energy Mix

Solar Energy and Its Global Investments

Recent Developments in Heat Transfer Fluids Used for Solar Thermal Energy Applications

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