“…First, existing results are consistent with recent studies (Dong et al, 2019;Liang et al, 2019), with an average value of approximately 0.062. However, compared with neighboring countries' crop growers globally, including Vietnam, where growers had an average productivity value of 0.74 (Nguyen et al, 2021, or India, where the score is 0.77 (Murthy et al, 2009), Pakistani crop growers seem to have inferior TE values. One probable explanation for this disparity is Pakistan's land tenure structure, which may not be as favorable to efficient crop-growing techniques as in other nations.…”