Technical Note: Analyzing the effect of repeated fusing on toner to examine printing alterations made by the same laser printer

Interpol questioned documents review 2019–2022

“…including any other technology used to prepare the document. The following 64 articles [ [548] , [549] , [550] , [551] , [552] , [553] , [554] , [555] , [556] , [557] , [558] , [559] , [560] , [561] , [562] , [563] , [564] , [565] , [566] , [567] , [568] , [569] , [570] , [571] , [572] , [573] , [574] , [575] , [576] , [577] , [578] , [579] , [580] ] [ [581] , [582] , [583] , [584] , [585] , [586] , [587] , [588] , [589] , [590] , [591] , [592] , [593] , [594] , [595] , [596] , [597] , [598] , [599] , [600] , [601] , [602] , [603] , [604] , [605] , [606] , [607] , [608] , [609] , [610] , [611] ], combined with 17 presentations [...…”

“…To determine if a document was printed in one go or not by the same printer, Ma et al [ 585 ] analyzed the effect of repeated fusing on toner using microscopy. Micrographs of toner become brighter, darker or both with repetition of the fusion process.…”

“…Alterations and obliterations are ways in which documents can be changed, however the connotation is not necessarily nefarious. Ten articles [ [629] , [630] , [631] , [632] , [633] , [634] , [635] , [636] , [637] , [638] ] and three conference presentations [ [639] , [640] , [641] ] comprise this review.…”

“…Another challenge in detecting altered toner-printed documents is to investigate if the document has passed through the printing process more than once. This study by Ma et al [ 632 ] explored the influence of a second fusing on the microscopic morphology of toner, on 17 different models of laser printers from HP, Canon, Lenovo, FUJI, and Epson. The effects of fusing on micrographs of toner were first studied, then the differences of microscopic morphology between once- and twice-fused toner printed by the same laser printer were compared and analyzed through identifying significant correlations of average gray value.…”

Local Polar Pattern for Source Color Laser Printer Identification

“…A S commercial activities continue to expand, committing fraud through the falsification of business documents, such as clone cheques, false contracts and counterfeit currency, becomes more and more common [1], [2]. Meanwhile, due to the limitations, such as strong subjectivity, time-consuming, and low reliability, expert-based document examination methods can no longer meet the needs of massive real-time document examination in forensic laboratories.…”