Technical note: reversible re-entrant cannulation of the parotid duct in cattle using a new injection anesthesia regimen.

Abstract

A new method for reversible reentrant cannulation of the parotid duct in cattle by use of an injectable anesthetic regimen is described. Ruminal contents were removed before anesthesia instead of food deprivation. The parotid duct was dilated by means of a long hemostatic forceps: its jaws were encased in a piece of plastic tube, and the tip was extended by a piece of flexible wire. A polyethylene parotid catheter was inserted into the dilated duct and passed through the cheek. The saliva was re-directed back into the mouth via a silicone tube through another fistula in the cheek. The cannulations were maintained for 3 to 11 wk and two cows were recannulated three to five times in both parotid ducts without problems. No pathological changes of the mouth epithelium were found at slaughter. The rate of flow from the ducts during rest, ruminating, and eating were 5 to 20, 25 to 50, and 40 to 75 mL/min, respectively.

Production of functional human nerve growth factor from the saliva of transgenic mice by using salivary glands as bioreactors

“…Following the methods used for saliva collection in sheep and cattle1819, we have recently developed a procedure based on cannulation of the parotid duct for long-term and large-volume saliva collection in pigs. By using this technique, we have successfully collected an average 3 L of saliva/day from adult pigs, which accounts for 20% of the total saliva produced, without causing any obvious injurious effects on them during a 40-day-long trial (unpublished data).…”

“…For example, the number of proteins detected in the saliva of humans and cattle is about 120013 and 90013 respectively, while the total protein concentration is 0.72 mg/ml14 and about 0.6–1.8 mg/ml15. More importantly, saliva can be collected repeatedly from various animals, including mouse, pig, cattle, sheep and goat by surgical or non-surgical methods121617181920. The target proteins can then be isolated by large-scale purification.…”

Advances in Research on Pig Salivary Analytes: A Window to Reveal Pig Health and Physiological Status

“…The collection device is chewed on until visibly moist, allowing the animal to chew the sponge until it is fully saturated. The saturated sponge is then placed into a test tube and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min to obtain approximately 0.5-1 mL of saliva [19]. Rope sampling is usually used for weaned piglets, whereas sponge sampling is commonly used in farms for pigs of all ages except weaned piglets [20].…”

Genetically Engineered Pigs as Efficient Salivary Gland Bioreactors for Production of Therapeutically Valuable Human Nerve Growth Factor

“…For example, pigs, goats, sheep, and cows can produce an average of 15, 6–16, 6–16, and 60–190 L of saliva per day, respectively [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. More importantly, saliva can be collected in a large quantity from various livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats, either by surgical or nonsurgical methods [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], facilitating the large-scale purification of target proteins from saliva. These advantages collectively suggest that livestock salivary glands may serve as robust bioreactors for therapeutic protein production.…”