Technical Note: Trees and Wind: Wind Scales and Speeds

Cullen, Scott

doi:10.48044/jauf.2002.036

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In the general model shown in Figure 1, the biophysical system is composed of the trees present in an urban green infrastructure, in particular those located along roadways and footpaths or near buildings. The external disturbance event affecting the system is a windstorm with wind gusts above 80-90 km/h which can cause the fall of many trees and large branches regardless of their condition (Cullen, 2002). However, tree health may have already been compromised due to poor management or lack of management, root damage caused by road works and trenching or deterioration due to pollution and parasites.…”

Section: Development Of the Conceptual Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and 2015 (Antonescu et al, 2017). Most of these tornadoes were low intensity phenomena, classified as F0 according to the Fujita Tornado Scale (which includes six categories from F0 to F5; Cullen, 2002; see Supplementary Table 1), however, when only considering tornadoes that form on the mainland, the most harmful (classified from F2 to F5) represent 10% of the total number, which is the same percentage as in the United States (Dotzek et al, 2009). The ESWD data shows that no European region is completely unaffected by windstorms even by the most severe, although their frequency varies from country to country (Groenemeijer and Kühne, 2014;Antonescu et al, 2017).…”

Section: Windstorms In Europementioning

confidence: 99%

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Could climate change and urban growth make Europeans regard urban trees as an additional source of danger?

Portoghesi

Masini

Tomao

et al. 2023

Front. For. Glob. Change

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In some geographical areas of North America and Southeast Asia cities are frequently hit by heavy windstorms capable of knocking down hundreds of urban trees and large branches in a few minutes. Falling trees generate a broad array of disservices that vary over time and space. In Europe and worldwide the frequency of these extreme weather events has increased in recent decades and climate change could intensify these windstorms while the effects of urban land expansion could increase the extent of damage. However, Europe’s urban populations are unprepared for extreme weather events and are unable to limit the effects that the widespread loss of trees over limited space and time can have on people, buildings and city road networks. Preparing for rare, extreme future events that could strongly affect urban green infrastructures is a demanding challenge for city dwellers and for those who should ensure the continuity of the ecosystem services provided by urban trees. In fact, the damage caused by fallen trees is combined with the loss of the benefits provided by the trees themselves. Therefore the aim of this paper is to: (a) investigate the disruptions that a windstorm can cause in an urban area full of trees using a conceptual model; (b) conduct a literature review to determine how high the risk of these disservices occurring in Europe really is, which is definitely more likely than commonly perceived and could increase as a result of climate change and; (c) indicate what kind of measures can be taken in European cities to prevent or at least reduce the risks from falling urban trees during a strong windstorm, starting from the experience gained in the geographical areas most frequently and intensely affected by this type of weather event.

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Section: Development Of the Conceptual Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Windstorms In Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Could climate change and urban growth make Europeans regard urban trees as an additional source of danger?

Portoghesi

Masini

Tomao

et al. 2023

Front. For. Glob. Change

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Quantitative Research on Vigor of Ginkgo Trees hit by Typhoon 0613 with Ground-based Digital Image Analysis

Wang

Yamamoto

Iwaya

2008

Journal of Natural Disaster Science

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The center of typhoon No.13 (Typhoon 0613) in 2006 passed through the Japan Sea and shaved the southwest corner of Yamaguchi Prefecture with characteristics of strong wind and less rainfall in Yamaguchi City. Many ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) trees showed leaf discoloration and defoliation after its hit in Yamaguchi City, Japan. The crown of them can be clearly divided into green part and non-green part so that they were misrecognised as special ornamental trees. In order to quantitatively study this phenomenon, the indices of green coverage ratio of crown (GCRC), crown coverage (CC), vigor index (VI), and so on were used to analyze the vertical sideward profile of ginkgo trees by ground-based digital image analysis. They reflected leaf discoloration and defoliation of the crowns, and positively related to the distance from coastline (DC). Logistic functions between DC and these indices were obtained, with square correlative coefficients being 0.913, 0.622, and 0.882, respectively for GCRC, CC and VI. There is indication that ground-based digital image analysis can be an effective tool used in evaluating the vigor status of ginkgo trees hit by Typhoon 0613. In the paper, combined with analysis of meteorological data, the reason for damage to ginkgo trees was considered as water stress induced by Typhoon 0613. Based on multi-analysis of the research, there were significant differences of vigor status between coast and inland ginkgo trees after hit by Typhoon 0613.

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Investigating the Effect of Weather and Seasonal Factors on Root Stability Using Dynamic Measurements

Fathi¹,

Bejó²,

Divos³

2020

OJF

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The dynamic tree stability assessment technique allows trees to be measured efficiently, under realistic weather conditions. In this study, the stability of four trees, including two conifers and two broad-leaved species was assessed in the Botanical Gardens of the University of Sopron, Hungary. The examined trees included Horse chestnut, Japanese zelkova, Douglas fir and Giant sequoia. Each tree was measured in various weather and seasonal conditions. Results show that the seasons affected the stability of broadleaved trees significantly, due to considerable changes in the crown surface area, while this difference was much lower in softwoods. Rainy weather loosens the topsoil, which adversely affects the stability of trees with relatively shallow roots. Lower layers take longer to saturate, and therefore trees with very deep roots are usually unaffected by the looser topsoil, while the increased weight of the top layer compacts the lower layers and improves stability, as evidenced by results measured on Sequoia. Snow accumulation on the branches increases the inertia of the tree, which imposes higher torque on the root collar, decreasing stability. In the meantime, the increased resistance offered by frozen ground stabilizes the tree, which more-or-less counterbalances this effect. A more extensive database of tree stability under different conditions is being built to allow for more comprehensive analysis of various factors, like wind direction, tree health and morphology, shading, etc.

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Technical Note: Trees and Wind: Wind Scales and Speeds

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

Could climate change and urban growth make Europeans regard urban trees as an additional source of danger?

Could climate change and urban growth make Europeans regard urban trees as an additional source of danger?

Quantitative Research on Vigor of Ginkgo Trees hit by Typhoon 0613 with Ground-based Digital Image Analysis

Investigating the Effect of Weather and Seasonal Factors on Root Stability Using Dynamic Measurements

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