Technical System of Hybrid Seed Production with Perennial Plants of Cotton Sterile Lines

Harnessing perennial and indeterminant growth habits for ratoon cotton ( Gossypium spp.) cropping

“…No-tillage cultivation Less disturbance and more biodiversity (Risch, Andow, and Altieri 1983; Perdikis, Fantinou, and Lykouressis 2011) Less soil, nutrients and water loss (DeHaan, Van Tassel, and Cox 2005;Zhang et al 2013) Less pesticide usage (Luttrell et al 1994; Khader and Prakash 2014) Without destroying cotton stalks (Mubvekeri et al 2014) Saving costs for plowing and seeds (Zhang et al 2013;Macharia 2013) Lowering labor costs (Zhang et al 2015a;Zhang et al 2015b) Well-established root system…”

“…Accumulation of pests and diseases Host for pests and diseases in winter (Bergman 1985;Showler 2009) Earlier pest attack (Macharia 2013) Obvious protuberances at base of stubs (Zhang et al 2015b) Negative plant-soil feedback (Liu et al 2008;Vukicevich et al 2016 species. All modern cultivars of four cultivated species are annual forms, and all wild species are perennial forms.…”

“…Ratoon cotton is advantageous for sustainable development, and has been cultivated in many cotton-growing countries, such as Australia, Brazil, China, Guyana, Kenya, India, Israel, Pakistan, Peru, South Africa and the USA (Plucknett, Evenson, and Sanford 1970;Khan and Shabbir 1974;Bullen, Granger, and Persaud 1982;Macharia 2013;Khader and Prakash 2014;Zhang et al 2015a). In comparison to sown cotton, ratoon cotton has three major advantages: (1) no-tillage cultivation, which can cause less disturbance; more biodiversity (Risch, Andow, and Altieri 1983;Perdikis, Fantinou, and Lykouressis 2011); and less soil, nutrient, water loss (DeHaan, Van Tassel, and Cox 2005;Zhang et al 2013), and pesticide usage (Luttrell et al 1994;Khader and Prakash 2014) without destroying cotton stalks (Mubvekeri et al 2014), thereby saving plowing and seed expenses (Macharia 2013;Zhang et al 2013) and lowering labor costs (Zhang et al 2015a(Zhang et al , 2015b; (2) a well-established root system, which results in less weed threat (Evenson 1970;Khader and Prakash 2014), a lower demand for fertilizer (Haughton et al 2009;Bunzel et al 2014), plants that are more adaptable to irregular rainfall (Fontes et al 2006;Macharia 2013), and the ability to sell crops earlier as a result of an earlier harvest; and 3an indeterminate flowering habit, which is advantageous for longer flowering and fruiting (Macharia 2013), thus resulting in a higher yield (Chen et al 2008;Zhang et al 2015a) or less yield loss without pesticide application (Ramalho 1994). However, ratooning cotton is associated with a range of problems, such as (1) encouraging the accumulation of pests and diseases over years, including serving as a host for pests and diseases in winter…”

“…However, ratooning cotton is associated with a range of problems, such as (1) encouraging the accumulation of pests and diseases over years, including serving as a host for pests and diseases in winter (Bergman 1985;Showler 2009), resulting in earlier pest attack (Macharia 2013). Obvious protuberances at the base of stubs that may be caused by diseases invading through the pruning wound (Zhang et al 2015b), and negative plant-soil feedback (changes in soil properties caused by plants that affect plant performance); which is particularly evident when plants promote soil pathogens that are harmful to their own growth (Liu et al 2008;Vukicevich et al 2016); and (2) the risk of damage in severe winter (Zhang, Zhou, and Lou 2008;Chen et al 2010a). A clearer description is given in Table 1.…”

Ratooning Annual Cotton (Gossypium spp.) for Perennial Utilization of Heterosis

“…Compared with seed-sown cotton, ratooned annual cotton has four major advantages in terms of perennially producing hybrid cotton seeds: (1) preservation of the original root system, which reduces the time needed for root morphogenesis so that the weak seedling stage can be avoided ( Chamy, 1979 ) and the growth duration becomes shortened ( Chamy, 1979 ; Komala et al, 2019 ), allowing earlier vegetative growth of ratoon cotton when the temperature is suitable and resulting in fewer weeds because of earlier canopy closure ( Plucknett et al, 1970 ; Fontes et al, 2006 ) and in lower costs associated with cultivation ( Komala et al, 2018a ); (2) indeterminate flowering habit, which is advantageous by extending the pollination time ( Macharia, 2013 ; Muhammad et al, 2015 ) and thus results in increased seed yields ( Zhang et al, 2015a ; Komala et al, 2018b ); (3) RA, which offers opportunities for observing annual plant performance ( Kumar et al, 2011 ; Komala et al, 2018c ), testing the effects of field chilling on mature plants ( Sachs and Zilkah, 1985 ; Zhang et al, 2008 ), preserving pathogens over the long term ( Mihail et al, 1987 ; Seo et al, 2006 ), and assessing combining ability and heterosis ( Thomson and Luckett, 1988a , b ; Komala et al, 2018b , 2019 ); and (4) the perennial maintenance of male sterility in the absence of a matched maintainer ( Zhang et al, 2013 ; Zhou, 2016 ), which reduces the cost of F 1 seeds ( Zhang et al, 2015a , b ). Therefore, the use of ratooned male-sterile lines to produce low-cost hybrid cotton seeds has good application prospects.…”