Technique for assessing respiratory health hazards from hay and other source materials

Clarke, AR; Madelin, T.M.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb02639.x

Cited by 56 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…(Coursesy of Equine Veterinary Journal, Clarke and Madelin [1987]) h d Dust mite (d) present in dust collected from mouldy hay; e Mite excreta, c Pollen grain, a Plant material, f Small respirable fungal spore, h heminthosporium spore (Courtesy of Equine Veterinary Journal, Clarke and Madelin [1987]) rattern staining on rooi insulation is a typical condensation problems and poor ventilation Moulds or algae growing on the roof or walls are associated with a leaking roof, damaged drain pipes or condens- primarily thermophilic fungi and actinomycetes. The most critical factor in determining the microbial development in hay is the water content at baling.…”

Section: Haysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air hygiene and equine respiratory disease

Clarke¹

1987

In Practice

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Air hygiene and equine respiratory disease byAndrew Clarke THE importance of environmental factors on the welfare of the horse have long been appreciated. Percivall (1853) highlighted this point by introducing his treatise on respiratory disease of the horse as follows: 'No general fact appears better established in hippopathology than the one evidencing that disease is the penalty that nature has attached to the domestication of the horse.' Chronic pulmonary disease (CPD) is one such affliction. Clinically CPD is associated with varying degrees of dyspnoea and double expiratory effort. However, in its initial stages the disease may pass undetected until the horse undertakes heavy exertion, as in racing. This article examines those aspects of the air hygiene and the aerobiology of stables as they relate to the pathophysiology and management of CPD in all of its manifestations. Simple guidelines for and practical approaches to the assessment of the air hygiene of stables are described. Aetiology Factors known to be associated with clinically overt cases of CPD include mouldy feeds and beddings, poorly ventilated stables and previous viral and bacterial infections. Subclinical lower airway inflammatory disease has been associated with 'poor performance' of thoroughbreds. Diagnosis of this condition is based on the presence of increased mucopus and inflammatory cells (neutrophils) revealed by endoscopic examination and tracheal washings. Viral infections may predispose horses to succumb to lower respiratory tract inflammation in response to airborne challenges of fungal spores which were of little consequence before infection. Equally larger challenges of fungal spores will induce airway disease in the absence of prior infectious disease. Airborne contaminants of stables Stabled horses are exposed to a myriad of airborne contaminants. These include fungal and actinomycete spore clouds, bacterial and viral aerosols, noxious gases such as ammonia, plant material, dust mites and their metabolites. These contaminants may be pathogenic in a number of ways. They may cause infection, be allergenic, behave as primary irritants or simply 'clog' the respiratory defence mechanism so increasing the system's susceptibility to other pathogens. The sources of and clearance mechanisms for the airborne A #1ii,iie 6heatadetector wt* a o/f/Io(e5c6't7/7g This new concept in heat detection is reliable, reusoble and inexpensive.

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Section: Haysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…a Fragments of plant tissue, b Plant hairs, c Pollen grains. (Courtesy of Equine Veterinary Journal,Clarke and Madelin [1987])~_…”

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confidence: 99%

Air hygiene and equine respiratory disease

Clarke¹

1987

In Practice

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“…, 1997). Aeroallergens include pollens (Ward and Couëtil, 2005), moulds (Clarke and Madelin, 1987; Vandenput et al. , 1997), mycotoxins (Wittenberg et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of the hygienic quality in single‐species hays and commercial forages used in equine nutrition

Séguin

Lemauviel‐Lavenant

Garon

et al. 2010

Grass and Forage Science

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Pulmonary diseases such as recurrent airway obstruction have become a major concern in the horse industry. Airborne dust, including aeroallergens from forages, is suspected to be the main factor in its aetiology. Hypothesizing that grassland flora could affect hay hygienic quality, and therefore have implications for the respiratory health of horses, we compared five single-species hays (Trifolium repens, Lolium perenne, Alopecurus geniculatus, Poa trivialis and Holcus lanatus). Multi-species hay from Normandy, and different commercial forages (single-species haylage, multispecies haylage, Crau hay and hay from Swiss mixing), chosen to represent current horse forages, were also investigated. Dust, moulds, pollens and endotoxins were different among forage types, while mycotoxins were not detected in any of the forage types. Holcus lanatus hay was the dustiest among the single-species hays but also the least contaminated by moulds. A particular mould profile was associated with each plant species. The four commercial forages appeared to have a better hygienic quality than the multi-species hay. Among commercial forages, the single-species haylage was the least dusty but also the most contaminated by moulds. Overall the results suggest that the hygienic quality of equine forages could be improved by an appropriate choice of grassland species.

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“…This condition can range from a mild nasal discharge and occasional cough to fully blown emphysema. Clarke and Madelin (1987) for example, identified over 50 different species of microorganisms in the stable air, the primary source of these organisms being the horses' food and bedding. Many of the microscopic particles, including plant and insect fragments, bacteria and mould spores which are present in the stable environment, could be implicated in the hypersensitivity reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of soaking hay fodder for horses on dust and mineral content

Moore-Colyer

1996

Anim. Sci.

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Four bales of hay were chosen from a stack of hay, barn-stored for 6 months. Each bale was subdivided into four 2-5 kg sections and one section from each bale was subjected to one of four water soaking treatments: 0, 0-5, 3 or 12 h. Post treatment, the samples were shaken for 9 min under a Negretti LS45F personal dust sampler which sampled the surrounding air. The samples were than analysed for levels of respirable particules < 5 jxm in size and for amounts of sodium (Na), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and nitrogen (N). Soaking for 30 min reduced the number of respirable particles by about 90% but also reduced the Na, K and P content of the hay. Soaking for a longer period, at least up to 12 h, did not give a significant further reduction in number of respirable particles but there was loss of Mg and further losses in Na, K, and P. These results clearly indicate that soaking for 30 min is sufficient to reduce the respirable challenge with minimum nutrient loss.

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Technique for assessing respiratory health hazards from hay and other source materials

Cited by 56 publications

References 12 publications

Air hygiene and equine respiratory disease

Air hygiene and equine respiratory disease

An evaluation of the hygienic quality in single‐species hays and commercial forages used in equine nutrition

Effects of soaking hay fodder for horses on dust and mineral content

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