Techniques for monitoring and predicting the OCV for VRLA battery systems

Mariani, Alessandro; Thanapalan, Kary; Stevenson, Peter; Stockley, Thomas; Williams, Jonathan

doi:10.1109/iconac.2015.7313982

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The different designs such as the classic flooded lead-acid battery (Salkind and Zguris, 2011) as well as valve-regulated lead-acid batteries (Bullock and Salkind, 2011;Berndt, 2001;Lambert et al, 2002;Zhang et al, 2012) have been the subject of a great variety of research. Many approaches have been taken in order to describe the behaviour of batteries and certain effects either by mathematical (Gu, 1990;Salameh et al, 1992;Mariani et al, 2015) or equivalent circuit models (Mauracher and Karden, 1996;Buller et al, 2003;Eifert, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized Lead-Acid based Battery Model used for a Battery Management System

Dost¹

2016

AJTE

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This paper deals with the determination of a battery model for different designs of lead-acid based batteries. Although batteries with gelled electrolyte and absorbent glass mat (AGM) batteries are based on the chemistry of common leadacid batteries they differ in regards to the parameters of a battery model. In this paper several measurement methods for the identification of these parameters are presented. These parameters enable the establishment of a battery model. A precise battery model can provide the basis for a battery management system (BMS). A BMS is required due to the rising number of electrical components in modern vehicles making it necessary to control the current capability of the battery. The results presented in this paper indicate that every battery type needs a specially optimized battery management system as the behaviour and the characteristic qualities vary between the different designs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized Lead-Acid based Battery Model used for a Battery Management System

Dost¹

2016

AJTE

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“…7 Under HRPSoC duty cycling, reactions between active material and electrolyte take place within pores. 35 Decreased pore volume and surface area is evidence of incomplete charge acceptance, reducing cell capacity. BET surface area of each cell type was evaluated initially, after 1 k cycles, 10 k cycles, failure, and recovery.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Function and Performance of Carbon Additives in Lead-Acid Batteries

Enos

Ferreira

Barkholtz

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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While the low cost and strong safety record of lead-acid batteries make them an appealing option compared to lithium-ion technologies for stationary storage, they can be rapidly degraded by the extended periods of high rate, partial state-of-charge operation required in such applications. Degradation occurs primarily through a process called hard sulfation, where large PbSO 4 crystals are formed on the negative battery plates, hindering charge acceptance and reducing battery capacity. Various researchers have found that the addition of some forms of excess carbon to the negative active mass in lead-acid batteries can mitigate hard sulfation, but the mechanism through which this is accomplished is unclear. In this work, the effect of carbon composition and morphology was explored by characterizing four discrete types of carbon additives, then evaluating their effect when added to the negative electrodes within a traditional valve-regulated lead-acid battery design. The cycle life for the carbon modified cells was significantly larger than an unmodified control, with cells containing a mixture of graphitic carbon and carbon black yielding the greatest improvement. The carbons also impacted other electrochemical aspects of the battery (e.g., float current, capacity, etc.) as well as physical characteristics of the negative active mass, such as the specific surface area. Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries are a mature rechargeable energy storage technology. Low initial cost, well-established manufacturing base, proven safety record, and exceptional recycling efficiency make VRLA batteries a popular choice for emerging energy storage needs.1,2 VRLA batteries are employed in stationary storage applications such as: utility ancillary regulation services, wind farm energy smoothing, and solar photovoltaic energy smoothing.3 Stationary applications may require short duration, high-rate, and partial state-of-charge cycling (HRPSoC). 4 Under HRPSoC duty, conventional VRLA cells fail prematurely from irreversible PbSO 4 formation within the negative plates.5 Regular cycling to 100% state-of-charge (SoC) mitigates PbSO 4 crystal formation and growth. However, regularly cycling to 100% SoC is not viable for many stationary storage applications. Large PbSO 4 crystals are not easily reduced back to metallic lead during HRPSoC charging, reducing cycle life. Reduced cycle life of VRLA batteries increases the operating cost, thereby limiting their practicality for stationary applications.VRLA battery HRPSoC cycle life can be increased with carbon modification of the negative active material (NAM).6-10 Adding carbon to the negative plate inhibits PbSO 4 crystal formation and/or limits PbSO 4 crystal growth.11-13 The underlying mechanism responsible for reducing PbSO 4 formation/accumulation is dependent on the size of the PbSO 4 crystallites. Controlling PbSO 4 microstructure has been found to be difficult while maintaining low cost. Other methods exist to limit PbSO 4 crystal size; including utilization of a carbon honeyco...

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“…The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients between the terminal operating voltage and each environmental parameter are calculated as shown in Table 2. From the above analysis, it can be seen that the operating voltage of the terminal battery has a significant negative correlation with the ambient air temperature range and a significant positive correlation with the ambient sunlight intensity [20] . At the same time, the terminal operating voltage has a low correlation with ambient humidity and wind speed.…”

Section: Overall Distribution Correlation Analysismentioning

confidence: 95%

Analysis of the icing monitoring terminal's battery operating state at different altitudes

Qin,

Li,

Yang

et al. 2024

International Conference on Mechatronic Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (MEAI 2023)

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Battery is an important part of the icing-monitoring terminal, which directly affects the operating state of the terminal. To study the correlation between the operating status of the battery of the ice-cover monitoring device and the environment, this paper analyzes the factors that may affect the operating status of the battery by counting the failure of the battery of the ice-cover monitoring terminal of EHV in recent years and using the monitoring data such as the voltage and environmental variables of the battery of the ice-cover monitoring terminal at different altitudes. The results show that the battery failure rate of the monitoring device at a low altitude is much higher than that of the monitoring device at a high altitude. The ambient temperature has a greater influence on the operating state of the battery of the monitoring device. The conclusion of the study can provide a reference for the differentiated configuration of the battery.

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Techniques for monitoring and predicting the OCV for VRLA battery systems

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Generalized Lead-Acid based Battery Model used for a Battery Management System

Generalized Lead-Acid based Battery Model used for a Battery Management System

Understanding Function and Performance of Carbon Additives in Lead-Acid Batteries

Analysis of the icing monitoring terminal's battery operating state at different altitudes

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