Techniques for the detection and management of freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease – A systematic review and future perspectives

Assisted technology in Parkinson's disease gait: what's up?

“…We found several assistive technology devices for gait analysis, and they are used to identify and diagnose gait and other motor symptoms (EEG, EMG, Azure Kinect, HTC VIVE VR; GAITRite Portable Walkway System), [18][19][20][21] to track gait and motor symptoms (VIBE), 22,23 and to treat gait (Keeogo Reha exoskeleton, Tymo system; Treadmills, Gait Trainer GT1, Lokomat, Cycle Ergometers, Walkbot-S, Non-motorized treadmill, G-EO system, SMART Lounge vibroacoustic system, Smart shoes, XaviX system, App "PatientConcept"). 18,[24][25][26][27][28][29] The most frequently used systems in gait analysis are motion capture systems (3D systems, multi-sensors combined or optoelectronic systems, 3D systems, multi-sensors combined or optoelectronic systems), 20,21 inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) 20,30 ; and force plates. 20 Other studies monitoring gait parameters in PD used wearable sensors or wearable devices based on different types of sensors.…”

“…18,[24][25][26][27][28][29] The most frequently used systems in gait analysis are motion capture systems (3D systems, multi-sensors combined or optoelectronic systems, 3D systems, multi-sensors combined or optoelectronic systems), 20,21 inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) 20,30 ; and force plates. 20 Other studies monitoring gait parameters in PD used wearable sensors or wearable devices based on different types of sensors. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] Figure 1 Flow diagram of literature search strategy.…”

“…7 Currently, most of the devices used for gait analysis can be categorized into a) motion capture systems (3D systems, multi-sensors combined or optoelectronic systems); b) inertial measurement unit; and c) force plates. 20,22,30,66 Most of the trials for gait analysis evaluated its speed with good reliability. The Berg Balance Scale and UPDRS part III were often used for outcome ratings.…”

“…Still, some commercial devices have been efficacious for the analysis and treatment of gait and balance in PD. 10,18,20,27 Many AP devices not only assess but are also ancillary for gait and balance rehabilitation treatment. In this aspect, gait assistance robots (GAR), such as the G-EO system, Gait Trainer GT1, Lokomat, and GAITRite are the preferred equipment for this purpose.…”