Techniques in Archaeological Geology

Garrison, Ervan G.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30232-4

Cited by 27 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…ERT could be useful in detecting deeper targets since its penetration depth and resolution can be improved by using many electrodes and small intervals (Garrison, ). In a controlled experiment in Otay Mesa, California, USA, ERT successfully detected from the surface a tunnel dug through compacted soil, 11 m deep and 1.5 m in diameter (Butler, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffraction stack imaging as a potential tool for detecting underground voids – the case of the ancient copper mines of Timna Valley (Israel)

Wechsler

Shustak

Ben‐Yosef

2019

Archaeological Prospection

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Detection of subsurface features using geophysical methods is an important component of archaeological research. Most geophysical methods suffer from loss of resolution with depth and are most successful when employed on hyper‐shallow targets. We present a novel imaging method that utilizes summation of diffracted seismic energy in the depth domain to image the subsurface and detect areas of material contrasts, which is especially useful for detecting subsurface voids. The diffraction imaging (DI) method was validated in a synthetic case and in two archaeological sites where known ancient tunnels exist and then employed in the ancient copper ore district of Timna Valley (southern Israel). The results demonstrate the feasibility of the DI method to detect ancient underground mining galleries that connected between (now blocked) mining shafts, which in turn constitutes a significant contribution to the study of ancient prospection and mining technologies and related social and historical aspects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffraction stack imaging as a potential tool for detecting underground voids – the case of the ancient copper mines of Timna Valley (Israel)

Wechsler

Shustak

Ben‐Yosef

2019

Archaeological Prospection

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“…Ground‐penetrating radar, GPR, has been applied to archaeological contexts since the late 1970s, although little published material has explored the application of GPR in identifying the extent of fossil‐rich deposits (with one of the earliest papers by Main & Hammond, ). In our study, GPR was selected as an appropriate geophysical tool to evaluate the extent of fluvial deposits in our study area, most notably for its utility in guiding excavations and providing non‐destructive analyses (Sharma, ; Garrison, ; Kvamme, ; Conyers, ). GPR studies used to characterize fluvial stratigraphic environments (e.g., Leclerc & Hicken, ; Skelly, Bristow, & Ethridge, ; Patidar et al., ) as well as geoarchaeological studies within fluvial contexts have also been long demonstrated (e.g., Słowik, ; Wright et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Fluvial Stratigraphic Architecture Using Ground‐Penetrating Radar at the Fanta Stream Fossil and Archaeological Site, Central Ethiopia

et al. 2016

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The Fanta Stream site is an archaeological and paleontological locality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The site contains a rich assemblage of fossil mammals and Acheulean artifacts of approximately 600 ka located in a rare high-altitude context. A ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey was conducted in order to provide three-dimensional imaging of the subsurface, which the authors use to interpret the geometry and distribution of fossil-containing stratigraphic units. Utilizing the stream's natural cut bank exposure, we calibrate GPR data to known geologic units through radar facies analysis. Shallow, high-amplitude coherent reflection geometries are attributed to volcanic tuff deposits, as these units exhibit subparallel continuous reflections consistent with planar stratified sedimentary deposition. Deeper, discontinuous reflection packages are interpreted as conglomeritic, fossil-containing deposits. The results of the GPR survey outline the location of the Fanta Stream's paleodepositional features as well as suggest the extent of fossiliferous stratigraphic units for use in future excavations.Scientific Research Society Geological Society of America Graduate Student Travel Grant Miriam Watts-Wheeler Scholarshi

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“…Electrical resistivity is useful for detecting buried artifacts when the object is in stark contrast with the surrounding soil matrix (Drahor, 2006), such as organic trash piles in coarse‐textured, sandy soils and stone debris in fine‐textured clay and silt soils (Bevan, 2006). Electrical resistivity is also used for detection of foundations, old roads, hearths, and rubble (Collins and Molyneaux, 2003; Gaffney and Gater, 2003; Garrison, 2003). Combining surveys made with different geophysical instruments with soil sampling increases the detection of buried features and improves accuracy of the survey (Bevan, 2006; Drahor, 2011; Garrison, 2003; Zheng et al, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Electrical resistivity is also used for detection of foundations, old roads, hearths, and rubble (Collins and Molyneaux, 2003; Gaffney and Gater, 2003; Garrison, 2003). Combining surveys made with different geophysical instruments with soil sampling increases the detection of buried features and improves accuracy of the survey (Bevan, 2006; Drahor, 2011; Garrison, 2003; Zheng et al, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A commonly used array is a three‐dimensional dipole–dipole electrode array. In this array, two potential and two current electrodes are separated by the same specified distance, and then the distance between probe pairs is specified and defined as parameter n (Garrison, 2003). During a resistivity survey the distance between the electrodes in each pair as well as the distance between the pairs can be altered to acquire apparent resistivities from multiple depths and locations.…”

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Combining Electromagnetic Induction and Resistivity Imaging with Soil Sampling to Investigate Past Soil Disturbance at Wormsloe State Historic Site, Savannah, GA

Campbell¹,

Morris

Markewitz

2015

Soil Horizons

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Wormsloe State Historic Site near Savannah, GA contains nearly three centuries of recorded land use activities, from 1736 to the present. It provides a unique setting to investigate the long‐term influence of historic land use on sandy soils of the Coastal Plain. We used a Dualem 2S (Dualem, Inc.) electromagnetic induction (EMI) meter and an AGI SuperSting R8 (Advanced Geosciences, Inc.) electrical resistivity (ER) meter in combination with traditional soil sampling to investigate soils and soil disturbance at Wormsloe. Three sites (Cabin, Dairy, and Forest Charcoal) were chosen to survey using both instruments. EMI surveys were made at each site on a 14 × 12 m grid, and ER surveys were made on a 7 × 6 m grid nested within the larger EMI grid. Electromagnetic induction was measured to depths of 10 and 210 cm, and ER was measured to a depth of 100 cm. Geophysical data was converted to a visual format using ordinary kriging in ArcGIS (ESRI) for EMI data and inversion software EarthImager 3D (Advanced Geosciences, Inc.) for resistivity data. These visual maps were used to direct traditional soil sampling. We found EMI was useful for detecting broad soil patterns originating from natural soil variation or large features, such as foundations, while ER more accurately identified artifacts of human origin, as verified by soil sampling.

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Techniques in Archaeological Geology

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Diffraction stack imaging as a potential tool for detecting underground voids – the case of the ancient copper mines of Timna Valley (Israel)

Diffraction stack imaging as a potential tool for detecting underground voids – the case of the ancient copper mines of Timna Valley (Israel)

Examining Fluvial Stratigraphic Architecture Using Ground‐Penetrating Radar at the Fanta Stream Fossil and Archaeological Site, Central Ethiopia

Combining Electromagnetic Induction and Resistivity Imaging with Soil Sampling to Investigate Past Soil Disturbance at Wormsloe State Historic Site, Savannah, GA

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