Techno-economic analysis of enzymatic biodiesel co-produced in palm oil mills from sludge palm oil for improving renewable energy access in rural areas

Ng, Wei Zhe; Obon, Aaron Anthony; Lee, Chin Loong; Ong, Yi Hui; Gourich, Wail; Maran, Kireshwen; Tang, Dennis Boon Yong; Song, Cher Pin; Chan, Eng Seng

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.122745

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Sludge palm oil is considered a byproduct and is found in wastewater. Its price is considerably lower than crude palm oil because of its low quality and nonedible grade . We assume the price of sludge palm oil to be 50% of that of crude palm oil .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sludge palm oil requires pretreatment steps before hydrolysis. The steps typically included heating, filtration, and cooling . To account for the pretreatment of sludge palm oil, we assume a 10% additional cost on the fixed capital investment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its price is considerably lower than crude palm oil because of its low quality and nonedible grade. 29 We assume the price of sludge palm oil to be 50% of that of crude palm oil. 29 Sludge palm oil requires pretreatment steps before hydrolysis.…”

Section: Effects Of Plant Capacity Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29 We assume the price of sludge palm oil to be 50% of that of crude palm oil. 29 Sludge palm oil requires pretreatment steps before hydrolysis. The steps typically included heating, filtration, and cooling.…”

Section: Effects Of Plant Capacity Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous Fatty Acid Production: Comparative Technoeconomic and Life-Cycle Analysis between Subcritical Water and Lipase Methods

Thakhiew

Kesornpun

Wongnate

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Subcritical water hydrolysis and lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis (SWH and LPH, respectively) emerge as promising methods for hydrolyzing triglycerides to fatty acids. In this work, technoeconomic and environmental aspects of the two methods, using palm oil splitting as a model, at plant capacities of 10–200 tons/day have been investigated. While the annual operating costs of the two methods are comparable, SWH incurs significantly higher capital investment than LPH. As a result, the minimum selling price (MSP) of fatty acids for SWH is higher than that for LPH across all plant capacities studied. For the 10 tons/day capacity, the MSP values for SWH and LPH are 1.143 and 1.019 USD/kg, respectively. Heat integration is recommended so as to lower the MSP for SWH. Both alternative oil sources and longer lipase operational lifetime are important to the process economics. Finally, a cradle-to-gate life-cycle assessment clearly suggests that LPH is more environmentally friendly than SWH in all impact categories. The impacts of different life-cycle stages and use of sludge oils are also discussed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Plant Capacity Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Plant Capacity Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous Fatty Acid Production: Comparative Technoeconomic and Life-Cycle Analysis between Subcritical Water and Lipase Methods

Thakhiew

Kesornpun

Wongnate

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…These drawbacks can be overcome through structural modification, as studied by Hoong et al (2022), by producing estolide esters from palm-based oleic acid and lauric acid. Specifically, oleic acid is converted Another study by Tang et al (2021) revealed that a series of 2-ethylhexyl alkyl ethers can be prepared from palm-based fatty esters through a reduction step catalysed by indium bromide in mild reaction conditions as shown in Figure 6. The synthesised bio-lubricants exhibited low kinematic viscosity of 4-9 cSt at 40 o C, suggesting they are suitable for use in lubrication applications for fuel economy enhancement and energy efficiency.…”

Section: Oleochemical Innovationmentioning

confidence: 99%

OIL PALM ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN MALAYSIA AND R&D PROGRESS IN 2021

KADIR¹

2022

JOPR

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The palm oil industry fared better in 2021 compared to 2020, despite lower crude palm oil (CPO) production due to labour shortage and a restricted supply of CPO during the COVID-19 pandemic. As the industry recovers, research and development (R&D) activities remain dedicated towards ensuring the industry is sustainable and competitive. In the upstream sector, efforts continue to be focused in increasing the CPO yield per hectare through precision agriculture, advanced genomic technologies and improved breeding programmes, control of pest and diseases, as well as farm mechanisation. In the midstream sector, there were some improvements in mill productivity, that reduce the environmental impact of the milling operations.Intensification of R&D related to palm-based biomass has the potential to contribute to higher income for the industry. In the downstream sector, food safety and the nutrition-rich value of palm oil offer the best quality for this versatile and productive oil crop, to the world. Additionally, non-food products such as biofuels, biopolymers and bio-lubricants are also gaining research traction due to global movement towards a circular economy and sustainability.

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Economic and Environmental Analyses of Biodiesel Production Processes From Unused Low-grade Oil

Kim,

Jung,

Lim

et al. 2024

Bioenerg. Res.

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Techno-economic analysis of enzymatic biodiesel co-produced in palm oil mills from sludge palm oil for improving renewable energy access in rural areas

Cited by 21 publications

References 26 publications

Continuous Fatty Acid Production: Comparative Technoeconomic and Life-Cycle Analysis between Subcritical Water and Lipase Methods

Continuous Fatty Acid Production: Comparative Technoeconomic and Life-Cycle Analysis between Subcritical Water and Lipase Methods

OIL PALM ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN MALAYSIA AND R&D PROGRESS IN 2021

Economic and Environmental Analyses of Biodiesel Production Processes From Unused Low-grade Oil

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