Techno-economic analysis of Power-to-Gas plants in a gas and electricity distribution network system with high renewable energy penetration

Risk assessment of renewable energy and multi‐carrier energy storage integrated distribution systems

“…The distinct side of the model proposed in this study is that operational cost is reduced without being bound to any subsidiary program. In Reference [24] the bus voltages and branch power risks are calculated in the presence of only large‐scale distributed photovoltaics. Whereas, in this study, multi‐type ESSs are integrated to distribution systems with RESs, and the penetration level of RESs is increased without sacrificing on risks while diminishing system operation cost.…”

“…23 Therefore, energy conversion technologies offer flexibility to electricity networks with an increasing share of RESs. Power to gas conversion is one of the most discussed storage technologies, which indicates both power to hydrogen and power to methane 24 as well as compressed air energy storages, which is a promising technology due to its cleanness, safety, and high efficiency. It should be noted that, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no prior research in this field evaluated the role of multi-carrier ESSs, such as power-to-gas (P2G) storage and tri-state compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems, in mitigating the techno-economic risks of distribution systems considering the variability of intermittent RESs.…”

Economic analysis of hydrogen production in Germany with a focus on green hydrogen, considering all three major water electrolysis technologies

“…The LCOH is calculated in this study as follows, see eqn (1). 25,27 where n equals the plant's lifetime, CAPEX i is the capital expenditure in year i , fixOPEX i is the fixed operational expenditure in year i , C el i is the cost of electricity in year i , C wat i is the cost of water for hydrogen generation in year i , C R i is the cost of stack replacement in year i , is the revenue for produced oxygen in year i , r is the discount rate (base scenario 10%), and is the produced amount of H 2 in year i .…”

“…25,26 In addition, there is the method of levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) or in terms of hydrogen production, the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). According to Fambri et al, this method calculates the breakeven sale price, 27 i.e., the price that must be earned to avoid losses. The results are expressed in cost per unit of stored energy (e.g.…”

“…The same applies for xed OPEX, revenues from oxygen, and costs for water consumption, so these parameters have also not been considered for the sensitivity analysis (see below). 27,30 2.4 Specic energy demand and production rates: E H2 i Table 5 shows the values for the specic energy demand in kW h per kg H 2 and the production rate of hydrogen per hour. The values for the specic energy demand are taken from ref.…”