Techno-economic analysis of vanillin production from Kraft lignin: Feasibility study of lignin valorization

Khwanjaisakun, Nawaporn; Amornraksa, Suksun; Simasatitkul, Lida; Charoensuppanimit, Pongtorn; Assabumrungrat, Suttichai

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122559

Cited by 60 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It was reported that the recovery of the investment will take 6.5 years after the start-up of the project with a profit margin of 8.7% for a raw material feed of 10.3 ton h −1 . Considering the average market price of 0.47 USD kg −1 for lignin feed, the prices of the various valuable chemicals derived from the lignin were reported as 15 USD kg −1 vanillin, [201] 7.35 USD kg −1 succinic acid, [202] 1 USD kg −1 benzene, [203] 0.95 USD kg −1 toluene, [203] 1.15 USD kg −1 xylene, [203] and 1.58 USD kg −1 phenol. [203] Gursel et al [204] performed the techno-economic analysis of three lignin conversion routes, namely, pyrolysis, direct HDO, and hydrothermal upgrading (HyU).…”

Section: Economic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advances in the Valorization of Lignin: A Key Focus on Pretreatment, Characterization, and Catalytic Depolymerization Strategies for Future Biorefineries

Mankar

Modak

Pant

2021

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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In this regard, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is an attractive alternative due to its abundant availability, carbon neutral nature, and its ability to produce a wide range of fuels and chemicals. [11,12] LCB mainly consists of cellulose (30% to 50%), hemicellulose (20% to 35%), and lignin (15% to 30%), interlinked with each other via a complex bonding network. [13,14] Currently, most of the biorefineries are focusing on the utilization of carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose) for producing bio-ethanol and other chemicals. Moreover, lignin is the major by-product of pulp and paper industry with an annual production of 50 to 70 million tons. [15] However, lignin is mostly burned as a low-value fuel in the industries. [16] Interestingly, it is the only renewable source of aromatic monomers, thus making it a fascinating candidate to produce wide range of aromatics.Lignin is a highly complex 3D heteropolymer, consisting of methoxylated phenylpropanoid units (S unit, G unit, H unit), for providing structural rigidity to the plants. It consists of several COC (α-O-4, β-O-4, 4-O-5) and CC (β-1, β-β, β-5, 5-5) bonds and is interconnected to the cellulose/hemicellulose, thus making its biological or thermochemical conversion challenging (Figure 1a). [11,17] Therefore, the fractionation of LCB via different pretreatment techniques is crucial (Figure 1b). Majority of the pretreatment methods cleave COC (β-O-4) linkages of the native lignin due to their lower (218 to 314 kJ mol −1 ) bond dissociation energy (BDE) while stable CC bonds with higher (384 kJ mol −1 ) BDE are formed due to the recondensation reactions, thus modifying the lignin structure, which is named as technical lignin. [18][19][20] Lower BDE of COC bonds suggests that these bonds are relatively easier to cleave compared to CC bonds. However, depolymerization of native lignin is reported to give monomer yields of approximately seven times that of modified technical lignin. [18] Therefore, the development of new innovative pretreatment strategies that can preserve the β-O-4 linkages of the native lignin is highly desirable. Moreover, it is essential to get an in-depth knowledge of the structural modifications, occurring after the pretreatment, using the different characterization techniques like 1D/2D/3D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 31 P NMR, solid-state NMR,

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Section: Economic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Khwanjaisakun et al. [ 201 ] performed the techno‐economic analysis of vanillin which is readily available from lignin. Vanillin has a high market value with several applications in food and fragrance industries.…”

Section: Economic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Valorization of Lignin: A Key Focus on Pretreatment, Characterization, and Catalytic Depolymerization Strategies for Future Biorefineries

Mankar

Modak

Pant

2021

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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“…However, the chemical synthesis of vanillin generally relies on fossil resources. The consumption of non-renewable resources in chemical synthesis limits the development of chemical synthesis in vanillin production ( Klaus et al, 2019 ; Khwanjaisakun et al, 2020 ). Therefore, the exploitation of an alternative strategy for vanillin production using unrestricted renewable raw materials is needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biological funneling of lignin and its derivatives is an attractive approach in lignocellulosic biorefineries because it overcomes the structural heterogeneity of lignin and selectively generates target chemicals ( Beckham et al, 2016 ). Currently, approximately 20% of vanillin is produced by using lignin as the substrate ( Khwanjaisakun et al, 2020 ). The industrial approach for vanillin production from lignin starts with the sulfite pulping of wood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The harsh chemical oxidation process is needed in the industrial-scale production of vanillin ( Gallage and Møller, 2015 ). Moreover, the extraction and purification of vanillin generally need toxic organic solvents, such as benzene and toluene ( Khwanjaisakun et al, 2020 ). Therefore, an environmentally-friendly strategy for vanillin production needs to be explored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effective Biotransformation of Variety of Guaiacyl Lignin Monomers Into Vanillin by Bacillus pumilus

Zuo

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Biotransformation has gained increasing attention due to its being an eco-friendly way for the production of value-added chemicals. The present study aimed to assess the potential of Bacillus pumilus ZB1 on guaiacyl lignin monomers biotransformation for the production of vanillin. Consequently, isoeugenol, eugenol, and vanillyl alcohol could be transformed into vanillin by B. pumilus ZB1. Based on the structural alteration of masson pine and the increase of total phenol content in the supernatant, B. pumilus ZB1 exhibited potential in lignin depolymerization and valorization using masson pine as the substrate. As the precursors of vanillin, 61.1% of isoeugenol and eugenol in pyrolyzed bio-oil derived from masson pine could be transformed into vanillin by B. pumilus ZB1. Four monooxygenases with high specific activity were identified that were involved in the transformation process. Thus, B. pumilus ZB1 could emerge as a candidate in the biosynthesis of vanillin by using wide guaiacyl precursors as the substrates.

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A vanillin derivative P/N/S‐containing high‐efficiency flame retardant for epoxy resin

Zhang

Huang

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In order to improve the flame‐retardant properties of epoxy resin (EP) without sacrificing the mechanical properties, a high‐efficient P/N/S‐containing reactive flame retardant (VTZD) was synthesized by a facile one‐pot method from vanillin, 2‐aminobenzothiazole and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO), and used in epoxy‐amine thermosets. When 5 wt% of VTZD was added with merely 0.31 wt% of phosphorus, the LOI value of cured resins increased to 32.7%, and the thermosets achieved a UL‐94 V‐0 rating. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate and the total heat release of the VTZD‐modified EP decreased by up to 34.66% and 32.49%, respectively, in comparison to those of the original EP. Subsequently, the residual char morphology and structure of epoxy thermosets were investigated, as well as the pyrolysis behavior of VTZD. The flame‐retardant mechanism was discussed in detail, and it confirmed that VTZD exhibited a bi‐phase flame retardant effect. In addition, the mechanical properties of the cured products were well maintained and even improved. All the results demonstrated that the VTZD was a bio‐based high‐efficiency flame retardant for EP with a broad prospect in practical applications.

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Techno-economic analysis of vanillin production from Kraft lignin: Feasibility study of lignin valorization

Cited by 60 publications

References 16 publications

Recent Advances in the Valorization of Lignin: A Key Focus on Pretreatment, Characterization, and Catalytic Depolymerization Strategies for Future Biorefineries

Recent Advances in the Valorization of Lignin: A Key Focus on Pretreatment, Characterization, and Catalytic Depolymerization Strategies for Future Biorefineries

Effective Biotransformation of Variety of Guaiacyl Lignin Monomers Into Vanillin by Bacillus pumilus

A vanillin derivative P/N/S‐containing high‐efficiency flame retardant for epoxy resin

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