Techno-Economic Assessment & Life Cycle Assessment Guidelines for CO2 Utilization (Version 2.0)

Why Membranes Matter: Ion Exchange Membranes in Holistic Process Optimization of Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

“…The LCA methodology is standardized in ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. [56,57] LCA studies of CO 2 -based CO production in the literature cover multiple routes: reverse water-gas-shift (rWGS), [80,81,[99][100][101] dry reforming of methane (DRM), [80,81,99,100] A solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) route, [101] and the purification of CO-containing basic oxygen furnace gas [102] had been assessed in comparison to the fossil benchmark technology, namely, steam methane reforming (SMR). The studies concluded that rWGS and DRM supplied with current electricity mixes were not competitive to SMR in terms of GWI.…”

“…We apply system expansion in our study to avoid potentially misleading negative impacts. [81] Consequently, the functional unit is defined as the production of 1 kg CO and 0.216 kg H 2 , which corresponds to a 3:1 (H 2 :CO) molar ratio. H 2 required to fulfill the functional unit for CO 2 -based CO production is supplied from alkaline water electrolysis, as discussed in the Experimental Section.…”

“…The environmental impact of carbon capture and utilization processes is heavily influenced by external parameters such as the CO 2 source and the environmental impacts of electricity and heat. [81] Thus, we calculate LCA results using four scenarios for Figure 12. Global warming impact (GWI) of electrochemical CO 2 reduction to CO using an AEM electrolyzer compared to reference technologies for CO production.…”

Stoichiometry-Based Estimation of Climate Impacts of Emerging Chemical Processes: Method Benchmarking and Recommendations

“…We compare five stoichiometry-based estimation methods identified in a previous work based on best practices of the LCA community . These five models are (1) the stoichiometric equation (‘Stoich’), (2) the stoichiometric equation including the reaction enthalpy as an estimate for the energy demand (‘Stoich + ΔH r ’), , and the methods proposed by (3) Hischier et al (‘Hischier’), (4) Geisler et al (‘Geisler worst ’ and ‘Geisler best ’), and (5) Kim and Overcash (‘K&O av ’, ‘K&O ‑StD ’, ‘K&O +StD ’, and ‘K&O min ’) .…”

A CO2 valorization plant to produce light hydrocarbons: Kinetic model, process design and life cycle assessment

“…The characterization factors for transforming inventory data into impact assessments were based on CML 2001 methods. The method used is CML 2001 updated in January 2016, as this methodology is used by the International Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) System [43], as a default for product category rules, and is advised in the TEA and LCA guidelines for CCU [44].…”